Amastra

Amastra is a genus of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Amastridae.

Amastra
Amastra elongata shell
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Order:	Stylommatophora
Superfamily:	Pupilloidea
Family:	Amastridae
Subfamily:	Amastrinae
Genus:	Amastra H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855
Type species
Achatinella magna C. B. Adams, 1851
Synonyms
Achatinella (Amastra) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 superseded rank Achatinella (Carinella) L. Pfeiffer, 1875 (invalid: junior homonym of Carinella Johnston, 1833 [Nemertea]; Kauaia is a replacement name) Amastra (Amastra) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855· accepted, alternate representation Amastra (Amastrella) Sykes, 1900· accepted, alternate representation Amastra (Armiella) Hyatt, 1911· accepted, alternate representation Amastra (Cyclamastra) Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1905· accepted, alternate representation Amastra (Heteramastra) Pilsbry, 1911· accepted, alternate representation Amastra (Kauaia) Sykes, 1900· accepted, alternate representation Amastra (Metamastra) Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911· accepted, alternate representation Amastra (Paramastra) Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911· accepted, alternate representation Amastrella Sykes, 1900 Armiella Hyatt, 1911 · unaccepted > superseded rank Cyclamastra Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1905 Helicter (Amastra) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 superseded rank Heteramastra Pilsbry, 1911 Kauaia Sykes, 1900 (unaccepted rank) Metamastra Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 superseded rank Paramastra Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 ·

Many of the species in this genus have become extinct in recent times.

Description

The shell is typically dextral, ranging from globose-conic to oblong-conic in shape. It may be umbilicate or imperforate. The coloration varies, often appearing dull or dark, but sometimes light with a dull, darker, or yellowish cuticle. The shell consists of 5 1/2 to 8 whorls, with the spire and apex conical in shape. The aperture is ovate, and the outer lip is not expanded but is often thickened internally. The columella features a spiral lamella that penetrates about half a whorl, and is present at all stages of growth observed. Above the lamella, the axis is slightly sinuous.

The species is viviparous. The jaw is vertically striate, and the teeth are arranged in nearly straight transverse rows, exhibiting the typical quadrate form. The central teeth are narrow with small, sinuous cusps.

Distribution

This genus is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.

Species

Species within the genus Amastra include:

• † Amastra aba Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra aemulator Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra affinis (Newcomb, 1854)
• Amastra agglutinans (Newcomb, 1854)
• Amastra albocincta (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
• Amastra albolabris (Newcomb, 1854)
• Amastra anthonii W. Newcomb, 1861
• Amastra antiqua (Baldwin, 1895)
• Amastra assimilis (Newcomb, 1854)
• Amastra aurostoma Baldwin, 1896
• Amastra badia (Baldwin, 1895)
• Amastra baldwiniana Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra biplicata (Newcomb, 1854)
• Amastra borcherdingi Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra breviata (Baldwin, 1895)
• Amastra caputadamantis Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra conica Baldwin, 1906
• Amastra conifera E. A. Smith, 1873
• † Amastra cornea(Newcomb, 1854)
• † Amastra crassilabrum (Newcomb, 1854)
• Amastra cyclostoma (Baldwin, 1895)
• Amastra cylindrica (Newcomb, 1854)
• Amastra davisiana C. M. Cooke, 1908
• Amastra decorticata Gulick, 1873
• Amastra delicata C. M. Cooke, 1933
• Amastra durandi Ancey, 1897
• Amastra dwightii C. M. Cooke, 1933
• Amastra elegantula Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra elephantina C. M. Cooke, 1917
• Amastra elliptica Gulick, 1873
• † Amastra elongata (Newcomb, 1853)
• Amastra eos (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
• Amastra extincta (L. Pfeiffer, 1856)
• Amastra flavescens (Newcomb, 1854)
• Amastra flemingi C. M. Cooke, 1917 †
• † Amastra forbesi C. M. Cooke, 1917
• Amastra fossilis Baldwin, 1903
• Amastra fragilis (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
• Amastra fragosa C. M. Cooke, 1917
• Amastra fraterna Sykes, 1896
• † Amastra globosa C. M. Cooke, 1933
• Amastra goniops (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
• Amastra gouveii C. M. Cooke, 1917
• Amastra grayana (L. Pfeiffer, 1856)
• Amastra gulickiana A. Hyatt & H.A. Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra hawaiiensis Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra hitchcocki C. M. Cooke, 1917
• Amastra humilis (Newcomb, 1855)
• Amastra hutchinsonii (Pease, 1862)
• Amastra implicata C. M. Cooke, 1933
• Amastra inflata (L. Pfeiffer, 1856)
• Amastra inopinata C. M. Cooke, 1933
• Amastra irwiniana C. M. Cooke, 1908
• Amastra johnsoni Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra juddii C. M. Cooke, 1917
• Amastra kalamaulensis (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
• Amastra kauaiensis (Newcomb, 1860)
• Amastra kaunakakaiensis (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
• Amastra knudsenii ((Baldwin, 1895)
• Amastra laeva Baldwin, 1906
• Amastra lahainana (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
• Amastra luctuosa (L. Pfeiffer, 1856)
• Amastra luteola (A. Férussac, 1825)
• Amastra magna (C. B. Adams, 1851)
• Amastra makawaoensis Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra malleata E. A. Smith, 1873
• Amastra mastersi (Newcomb, 1854)
• Amastra melanosis (Newcomb, 1854)
• Amastra metamorpha (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
• Amastra micans (L. Pfeiffer, 1859)
• Amastra mirabilis C. M. Cooke, 1917
• Amastra modesta (C. B. Adams, 1851)
• Amastra modicella C. M. Cooke, 1917
• Amastra moesta (Newcomb, 1854)
• Amastra montagui Pilsbry, 1913
• Amastra montana Baldwin, 1906
• Amastra montivaga C. M. Cooke, 1917
• Amastra morticina Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra mucronata (Newcomb, 1853)
• Amastra nana (Baldwin, 1895)
• Amastra nannodes C. M. Cooke, 1933
• Amastra neglecta (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
• Amastra nigra (Newcomb, 1855)
• Amastra nubifera Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra nubigena (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
• Amastra nubilosa (Mighels, 1845)
• Amastra nucleola (Gould, 1845)
• Amastra nucula E. A. Smith, 1873
• Amastra obesa (Newcomb, 1853)
• Amastra oswaldi C. M. Cooke, 1933
• † Amastra ovatula C. M. Cooke, 1933
• Amastra nucula E. A. Smith, 1873
• † Amastra pellucida (Baldwin, 1895)
• Amastra perversa Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra petricola (Newcomb, 1855)
• Amastra pilsbryi C. M. Cooke, 1913
• † Amastra porcus Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra porphyrostoma (Pease, 1869)
• Amastra praeopima C. M. Cooke, 1917
• Amastra problematica C. M. Cooke, 1933
• Amastra pullata (Baldwin, 1895)
• Amastra pusilla (Newcomb, 1855)
• † Amastra reticulata (Newcomb, 1854)
• Amastra ricei C. M. Cooke, 1917
• Amastra rubens (Gould, 1845)
• Amastra rubida Gulick, 1873
• Amastra rubristoma Baldwin, 1906
• Amastra rugulosa Pease, 1870
• Amastra seminigra Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra senilis Baldwin, 1903
• Amastra sericea (L. Pfeiffer, 1859)
• Amastra similaris Pease, 1870
• Amastra sinistrorsa Baldwin, 1906
• Amastra sola Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra soror (Newcomb, 1854)
• Amastra spaldingi C. M. Cooke, 1908
• Amastra sphaerica Pease, 1870
• Amastra spicula C. M. Cooke, 1917
• Amastra spirizona (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)
• Amastra subcornea Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra subcrassilabris Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra subobscura Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• † Amastra subrostrata (L. Pfeiffer, 1859)
• † Amastra subsoror Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra sykesi Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra tenuilabris Gulick, 1873
• † Amastra tenuispira (Baldwin, 1895)
• Amastra textilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)
• Amastra thaamuni Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra thurstoni C. M. Cooke, 1917
• Amastra transversalis (L. Pfeiffer, 1856)
• Amastra tricincta Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
• Amastra tristis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)
• Amastra turritella (A. Férussac, 1821)
• Amastra ultima (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
• † Amastra umbilicata (L. Pfeiffer, 1856)
• Amastra undata (Baldwin, 1895)
• Amastra uniplicata (W. D. Hartman, 1888)
• Amastra variegata (L. Pfeiffer 1849)
• Amastra vetusta (Baldwin, 1895)
• Amastra violacea (Newcomb, 1853)
• Amastra viriosa C. M. Cooke, 1917
• Amastra whitei C. M. Cooke, 1917

Taxa inquirenda

• Amastra amboinensisE. A. Smith, 1873
• Amastra amicta E. A. Smith, 1873
• Amastra citrea Sykes, 1896: synonym of Amastra mucronata citrea Sykes, 1896 (superseded rank)
• Amastra lineolata (Newcomb, 1853)
• Amastra longa Sykes, 1896
• Amastra peasei E. A. Smith, 1873
• Amastra seminuda Baldwin, 1906
• Amastra villosa Sykes, 1896: synonym of Amastra hutchinsonii (Pease, 1862) (junior subjective synonym)

References

• Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017
• Cowie, R. H., Evenhuis, N. L. & Christensen, C. C. (1995). Catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the Hawaiian Islands. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. pp. 1–248.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Schileyko, A.A. (1998). "Treatise on Recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 1. Achatinellidae, Amastridae, Orculidae, Strobilopsidae, Spelaeodiscidae, Valloniidae, Cochlicopidae, Pupillidae, Chondrinidae, Pyramidulidae". Ruthenica (suppl. 2): 53.

External links

• Sykes, E. R. (1900). Fauna Hawaiiensis. University Press, Cambridge. Volume II, Part IV, Mollusca: pp. 271–412, pls 11, 12
• Pilsbry, H. A. & Vanatta, E. G. (1905). "Notes on some Hawaiian Achatinellidae and Endodontidae". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 57: 570.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Pfeiffer, L. (1870–1876). Novitates Conchologicae, Mollusca extramarina. Beschreibung und Abbildung neuer oder kritischer Land- und Süßwasser-Mollusken, volume 4. Cassel: T. Fischer. p. 116.
• Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1853–1858). he genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. Vol. 1. London: van Voorst. p. vol. 2 : 137.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Binney, W.G. (1875). "On the genitalia, jaw and lingual dentition of certain species of Pulmonata (with a note on the classification on the Achatinellae, by Thomas Bland)". Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. 11: 193.