Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula [NH4][N(NO2)2]. It is the ammonium salt of dinitraminic acid HN(NO2)2. It consists of ammonium cations [NH4]+ and dinitramide anions −N(NO2)2. ADN decomposes under heat to leave only nitrogen, oxygen, and water.
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
Azanium dinitroazanide[1]
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| Other names | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.126.585 |
| EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| [NH4][N(NO2)2] | |
| Molar mass | 124.06 g/mol |
| Density | 1.81 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 93 °C (199 °F; 366 K) |
| Boiling point | decomposes at 127 °C (261 °F; 400 K) |
| Structure[1] | |
a = 6.914 Å, b = 11.787 Å, c = 5.614 Å α = 90.00°, β = 100.40°, γ = 90.00°
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Formula units (Z)
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4 |
| Thermochemistry | |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
−148 kJ/mol[2] |
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵)
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−150.6 kJ/mol |
| Explosive data | |
| Shock sensitivity | Low[2] |
| Friction sensitivity | Low |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
   
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| Danger | |
| H201, H228, H302, H371 | |
| P210, P230, P240, P241, P250, P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P309+P311, P330, P370+P378, P370+P380, P372, P373, P401, P405, P501 | |
| Related compounds | |
Other cations
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Guanylurea dinitramide |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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It makes an excellent solid rocket oxidizer with a slightly higher specific impulse than ammonium perchlorate and, more importantly, does not leave corrosive hydrogen chloride fumes. This property is also of military interest because halogen-free smoke is harder to detect. It decomposes into low-molecular-mass gases, which contributes to higher performance without creating excessive temperatures if used in gun or rocket propellants. However, the dinitramide salt is more prone to detonation under high temperatures and shock compared with the perchlorate.
The Eurenco Bofors company produced LMP-103S as a 1-to-1 substitute for hydrazine by dissolving 65% ammonium dinitramide, [NH4]N(NO2)2, in 35% water solution of methanol and ammonia. LMP-103S has 6% higher specific impulse and 30% higher impulse density than hydrazine monopropellant. Additionally, hydrazine is highly toxic and carcinogenic, while LMP-103S is only moderately toxic. LMP-103S is UN Class 1.4S, allowing for transport on commercial aircraft, and was demonstrated on the Prisma satellite in 2010. Special handling is not required. LMP-103S could replace hydrazine as the most commonly used monopropellant.[3][4]
The ADN-based monopropellant FLP-106 is reported to have improved properties relative to LMP-103S, including higher performance (ISP of 259 s vs. 252 s) and density (1.362 g/cm3 vs. 1.240 g/cm3).[5]
History
editAmmonium dinitramide was invented in 1971 at the Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry in the USSR. Initially all information related to this compound was classified because of its use as a rocket propellant, particularly in Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missiles. In 1989 ammonium dinitramide was independently synthesized at SRI International.[6] SRI obtained US and international patents for ADN in the mid-1990s, at which time scientists from the former Soviet Union revealed that they had discovered ADN 18 years earlier.[6]
Propellant mixtures
editADN can be mixed with conventional propellants such as nitrocellulose to improve its oxygen balance.[7] One of the challenges of using ADN is its hygroscopicity. Hu et al. have investigated the possibility of reducing the hygroscopicity of ADN by co-crystallization with 3,4-diaminofurazan.[8]
There is also interest in using ADN to make liquid monopropellants. When ADN is co-crystalized with a crown ether (18C6), the hygroscopicity is greatly reduced, but so is its performance as an explosive.[9] ADN was mixed with amine nitrates in order to lower its melting point for use as a liquid monopropellant. The onset temperature for ADN was essentially unchanged, but some cross-reaction with the amine nitrates was observed.[10] Kim et al. have also examined mixtures of ADN with hydrogen peroxide as a potential liquid monopropellant.[11]
Preparation
editThere are at least 20 different synthesis routes that produce ammonium dinitramide. In the laboratory ammonium dinitramide can be prepared by nitration of sulfamic acid or its salts (here potassium sulfamate) at low temperatures:
The process is performed under red light, since the compound is decomposed by higher-energy photons. The details of the synthesis remain classified.
Other sources[who?] report ammonium synthesis from ammonium nitrate, anhydrous nitric acid, and fuming sulfuric acid (oleum) containing 20% free sulfur trioxide. A base other than ammonia must be added before the acid dinitramide decomposes. The final product is obtained by fractional crystallization.
Another synthesis known as the urethane synthesis method requires four synthesis steps and results in a yield of up to 60%.[12] Ethyl carbamate is nitrated with nitric acid:
- CH3CH2−O−C(=O)−NH2 + HNO3 → CH3CH2−O−C(=O)−NH−NO2 + H2O
and then reacted with ammonia to form the ammonium salt of N-nitrourethane:
- CH3CH2−O−C(=O)−NH−NO2 + NH3 → [CH3CH2−O−C(=O)−N−−NO2][NH+4]
This is nitrated again with nitrogen pentoxide to form ethyl dinitrocarbamate and ammonium nitrate:
- [CH3CH2−O−C(=O)−N−−NO2][NH+4] + O(NO2)2 → CH3CH2−O−C(=O)−N(NO2)2 + [NH4]+NO−3
Finally, treatment with ammonia again splits off the desired ammonium dinitramide and regenerates the urethane starting material:
- CH3CH2−O−C(=O)−N(NO2)2 + 2 NH3 → CH3CH2−O−C(=O)−NH2 + [NH+4][−N(NO2)2]
References
edit- ^ a b c d "Ammonium dinitramide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
- ^ a b Östmark, H.; Bemm, U.; Langlet, A.; Sandén, R.; Wingborg, N. (1 June 2000). "The properties of ammonium dinitramide (ADN): Part 1, basic properties and spectroscopic data". Journal of Energetic Materials. 18 (2–3): 123–138. Bibcode:2000JEnM...18..123O. doi:10.1080/07370650008216116. ISSN 0737-0652. S2CID 94304770.
- ^ "Green propellant LMP 103S". ecaps.se. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
- ^ Persson, Mathias; Anflo, Kjell; Friedhoff, Pete (2019). "Flight Heritage of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Based High Performance Green Propulsion (HPGP) Systems". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 44 (9): 1073–1079. doi:10.1002/prep.201900248. ISSN 0721-3115.
- ^ Larsson, Anders; Wingborg, Niklas (2011-02-14). "Green Propellants Based on Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN)" (PDF). In Hall, Jason (ed.). Advances in Spacecraft Technologies. InTech. doi:10.5772/13640. ISBN 978-953-307-551-8.
- ^ a b "Dinitramide Salts: ADN Plus Other Salts". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
- ^ Wang, Qiong; Wang, Xiao-Hong; Pan, Qing; Chang, Hai; Yu, Hong-Jian; Pang, Wei-Qiang (3 March 2023). "Thermal Behaviors and Interaction Mechanism of Ammonium Dinitramide with Nitrocellulose". Molecules. 28 (5) – via Academic Search Ultimate.
- ^ Hu, Dongdong; Wang, Yinglei; Xiao, Chuan; Hu, Yifei; Zhou, Zhiyong; Ren, Zhongqi (September 2023). "Studies on ammonium dinitramide and 3,4-diaminofurazan cocrystal for tuning the hygroscopicity". Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 61: 157–164 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ^ Qiao, Shen; Li, Hong-zhen; Yang, Zong-wei (June 2022). "Decreasing the hygroscopicity of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) through cocrystallization". Energetic Materials Frontiers. 3 (2): 84–89 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ^ Matsunaga, Haroki; Katoh, Katsumi; Habu, Hiroto; Noda, Masaru; Miyake, Atsumi (November 2018). "Thermal behavior of ammonium dinitramide and amine nitrate mixtures". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 135: 2677–2685 – via Academic Search Ultimate.
- ^ Kim, Ju Won; Bhosale, Vikas Khandu; Kim, Kyu-Seop; Lee, Seung Ho; Kwon, Sejin (February 2, 2022). "Room-temperature catalytically reactive ammonium dinitramide–H2O2 monopropellant for microsatellites". Advances in Space Research. 69 (3): 1631–1644 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ^ US 5714714, Stern, Alfred G.; Koppes, William M. & Sitzmann, Michael E. et al., "Process for preparing ammonium dinitramide", published 1998-02-03, assigned to USA, Secretary of the Navy
Further reading
editThis article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (February 2012) |
- Modern rocket fuels> PDF> Hesiserman Online Library
- Textbook of Chemistry 1999 Prentice Press, New York
- Subbiah Venkatachalam; Gopalakrishnan Santhosh; Kovoor Ninan Ninan (2004). "An Overview on the Synthetic Routes and Properties of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) and other Dinitramide Salts". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 29 (3): 178–187. doi:10.1002/prep.200400043.
- Chen, Fu-yao; Xuan, Chun-lei; Lu, Qiang-qiang; Xiao, Lei; Yang, Jun-qing; Hu, Yu-bing; Zhang, Guang-Pu; Wang, Ying-lei; Zhao, Feng-qi; Hao, Ga-zi; Jiang, Wei (January 2023). "A review on the high energy oxidizer ammonium dinitramide: Its synthesis, thermal decomposition, hygroscopicity, and application in energetic materials". Defence Technology. 19: 163–195. doi:10.1016/j.dt.2022.04.006. ISSN 2214-9147.