Ananus ben Ananus (Hebrew: חנן בן חנן Hanan ben Hanan; Greek: Ἀνάνου Ἄνανος Ananos son of Ananos; Latin: Anani Ananus or Ananus filius Anani; d. 68 CE) was a Herodian-era High Priest of Israel in Jerusalem, Judea Province. He was the High Priest who ordered the execution by stoning of James, the brother of Jesus (James the Just), according to the Antiquities of the Jews of Josephus. A delegation sent by citizens upset over the perceived breach of justice met Lucceius Albinus before he reached Judea, and Albinus responded with a letter informing Ananus that it was illegal to convene the Sanhedrin without Albinus' permission and threatening to punish the priest. Ananus was therefore deposed by King Herod Agrippa II before Albinus's arrival and replaced with Jesus ben Damneus.[1]
Ananus ben Ananus | |
|---|---|
| Title | Head of Judean provisional government |
| Personal | |
| Born | |
| Died | 68 |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Lineage | son of Annas |
| Sect | Sadducee |
| Other names | Hanan ben Hanan, Ananus ben Artanus |
| Organization | |
| Temple | Temple of Jerusalem |
| Jewish leader | |
| Based in | Jerusalem |
| Predecessor | Joseph Cabi ben Simon |
| Successor | Jesus ben Damneus |
| Post | High Priest of Israel (until deposed in 63, then "High Priest") |
Ananus was one of the main leaders of the Great Revolt of Judea, which erupted in 66 CE. He was appointed as one of the heads of the Judean provisional government together with Joseph ben Gurion in late 66. In 68, Ananus was killed during the inter-rebel civil war in Jerusalem. Josephus in The Jewish War considered Ananus "unique in his love for liberty and an enthusiast for democracy" and as an "effective speaker, whose words carried weight with the people", though in the Antiquities of the Jews he was more critical of his behaviour, calling him "a bold man in his temper, and very insolent".[2][1]
Great Priest
edit
Josephus's account of the death of James as follows:
Ananus, who, as we have told you already, took the high priesthood, was a bold man in his temper, and very insolent; he was also of the sect of the Sadducees, who are very rigid in judging offenders, above all the rest of the Jews, as we have already observed; when, therefore, Ananus was of this disposition, he thought he had now a proper opportunity [to exercise his authority]. Festus was now dead, and Albinus was but upon the road; so he assembled the Sanhedrin of judges, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James, and some others, [or, some of his companions]; and when he had formed an accusation against them as breakers of the law, he delivered them to be stoned: but as for those who seemed the most equitable of the citizens, and such as were the most uneasy at the breach of the laws, they disliked what was done; they also sent to the king [Agrippa], desiring him to send to Ananus that he should act so no more, for that what he had already done was not to be justified; nay, some of them went also to meet Albinus, as he was upon his journey from Alexandria, and informed him that it was not lawful for Ananus to assemble a Sanhedrin without his consent. Whereupon Albinus complied with what they said, and wrote in anger to Ananus, and threatened that he would bring him to punishment for what he had done; on which king Agrippa took the high priesthood from him, when he had ruled but three months, and made Jesus, the son of Damneus, high priest.[3]
The current scholarly consensus is that this text is authentic.[4][5][6][7] Moreover, in comparison with Hegesippus's account of James's death in his Hypomnemata, scholars consider Josephus's to be the more historically reliable.[8]
Head of Judean provisional government
editAfter Ananus was deposed as high priest, he continued to exercise leadership. "Under the guidance of former high priest Ananus ben Ananus, they (the Sanhedrin) exhorted the populace for support against the radical priestly Zealots, as these 'persuaded those who officiated in the Temple sacrifices to accept no gift or services from a foreigner' (BJ II, 409-414)."[9] Later, he marshaled recruits to fight the Zealots, resulting in the Zealot Temple Siege. While commanding the Jews during the siege, Ananus was killed by the Idumeans or Edomites.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book 20, Chapter 9, Section 1
- ^ Josephhus, The Wars of the Jews. Book 4.314. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D4%3Asection%3D314
- ^ Josephus. "20.9.1". The Antiquities of the Jews.
- ^ Van Voorst 2000, p. 83.
- ^ Richard Bauckham states that although a few scholars have questioned this passage, "the vast majority have considered it to be authentic" (Bauckham 1999, pp. 199–203).
- ^ Feldman & Hata 1987, pp. 54–57.
- ^ Flavius Josephus & Maier 1995, pp. 284–285.
- ^ Painter 2004, p. 126.
- ^ Feldman, Louis H.; Hata, Gōhei (1989). Josephus, the Bible, and History. E.J. Brill. p. 203. ISBN 90-04-08931-4.
- ^ Josephus, The Wars of the Jews. Book 4, Chapter 5
Sources
edit- Bauckham, Richard (1999). "For What Offense was James put to Death?". In Chilton, Bruce; Evans, Craig A. (eds.). James the Just and Christian origins. BRILL. pp. 199–232. ISBN 978-90-04-11550-7.
- Feldman, Louis H.; Hata, Gōhei, eds. (1987). Josephus, Judaism and Christianity. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-08554-1. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
- Flavius Josephus; Maier, Paul L. (December 1995). Josephus, the essential works: a condensation of Jewish antiquities and The Jewish war. Kregel Academic. ISBN 978-0-8254-3260-6.
- Painter, John (2004). "Who was James?". In Chilton, Bruce; Neusner, Jacob (eds.). The brother of Jesus: James the Just and his mission. ISBN 0-8146-5152-6.
- Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ISBN 0-8028-4368-9.
External links
edit- . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. Has a brief mention of Ananus ben Ananus at the end.