Anaxyrus, containing the North American toads, is a genus of true toads in the family Bufonidae.[1] The genus is endemic to North and Central America, and contains many familiar North American toad species such as the American toad, Woodhouse's toad, and the western toad.
| Anaxyrus Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Woodhouse's toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii) | |
| |
| American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845 |
| Species | |
|
25, see text. | |
Most species in this genus were initially classified in Bufo, but were split due to their genetic divergence and geographic separation. Some authorities still consider Anaxyrus to be a subgenus within Bufo.[2][3] However, other authorities have disputed this classification, as doing so would also require all morphologically distinct Old World toad species to also be placed in Bufo.[1]
Species
editThe following fossil taxa are also known, all of which were also previously placed in Bufo:[4]
- †Anaxyrus defensor (Meylan, 2005) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Florida)
- †Anaxyrus hibbardi (Taylor, 1937) (Late Miocene of Kansas)
- †Anaxyrus pliocompactilis (Wilson, 1968) (Late Miocene of Kansas, possibly synonymous with Anaxyrus compactilis or Anaxyrus speciosus)
- †Anaxyrus repentinus (Tihen, 1962) (Mid-Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of Kansas, possibly synonymous with Anaxyrus woodhousii or Anaxyrus cognatus)
- †Anaxyrus rexroadensis (Tihen, 1962) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
- †Anaxyrus spongifrons (Tihen, 1962) (Late Miocene of Kansas)
- †Anaxyrus suspectus (Tihen, 1962) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene (Blancan) of Kansas)
- †Anaxyrus tiheni (Auffenberg, 1957) (Late Miocene of Florida)
- †Anaxyrus valentinensis (Estes & Tihen, 1964) (Middle Miocene (Barstovian) of Nebraska)
References
edit- ^ a b "Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845 | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
- ^ Crother, Brian I. (2014). "A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles: The United States and Canada . Volume 1: Amphibians. Seventh Edition. By M. J. Fouquette Jr. and Alain Dubois. Bloomington (Indiana): Xlibris. $34.99 (hardcover); $23.99 (paper). 613 p.; index to generic and species names and index to common names. ISBN: 978-1-4931-7034-0 (hc); 978-1-4931-7035-7 (pb). 2014". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 89 (4): 404–405. doi:10.1086/678658. ISSN 0033-5770.
- ^ a b c Gordon, Michelle R.; Simandle, Eric T.; Sandmeier, Franziska C.; Tracy, C. Richard (2020). "Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])". Copeia. 108 (1): 166–183. doi:10.1643/CH-18-086. ISSN 0045-8511.
- ^ Sanchiz, B. (2012-01-01). "Nomenclatural notes on living and fossil amphibians". Graellsia.
External links
edit
Wikispecies has information related to Anaxyrus.
- Frost DR, Grant T [in French], Faivovich JN [in French], Bain RH [in French], Haas A [in German], Haddad CLFB [in French], De Sá RO, Channing A [in French], Wilkinson M [in French], Donnellan SC, Raxworthy CJ [in French], Campbell JA, Blotto BL, Moler P, Drewes RC, Nussbaum RA [in French], Lynch JD [in French], Green DM, Wheeler WC (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297: 1–291. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5781.
- Pauly GB, Hillis DM, Cannatella DC [in French] (November 2004). "The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo)". Evolution. 58 (11): 2517–2535. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00881.x. PMID 15612295.
- Pauly, Gregory B.; Hillis, David M.; Cannatella, David C. (June 2009). "Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names". Herpetologica. 65 (2): 115–128. doi:10.1655/08-031R1.1.
Further reading
edit- Tschudi JJ (1845). "Reptilium conspectus quae in Republica Peruana reperiuntur et pleraque observata vel collecta sunt in itinere". Archiv für Naturgeschichte 11 (1): 150–170. (Anaxyrus, new genus, p. 170). (in Latin)