Ancient Armenia refers to the history of Armenia during Antiquity. It follows Prehistoric Armenia and covers a period of approximately one thousand years, beginning at the end of the Iron Age with the events that led to the dissolution of the Kingdom of Urartu, and the emergence of the first geopolitical entity called Armenia in the 6th century BC. Highlights of this period include the rise of ancient Armenia as an important state in Western Asia in the 4th century BC; a briefly held empire under Julius Caesar's contemporary the Great King Tigranes II ("the Great"); the kingdom's official conversion to Christianity in 301;[1] and the creation of the Armenian alphabet in the year 405.[2] It concludes with the demise of the Armenian kingdom and the country's partition later in the 5th century, marking the beginning of Medieval Armenia.
Prehistory
editDuring the Iron Age, in the region the ancient Assyrians called Urartu (called Bianili by the Urartians themselves),[3] various tribal confederations and kingdoms emerged; these groups included the Hayasa-Azzi, Shupria, Nairi, the Mushki, and possibly a group retroactively referred to as Armeno-Phrygians.[4] In the 9th century BC, tribes from the vicinity of Lake Van established the Kingdom of Van (Urartian: Bianili) to defend the highlands from Assyria, effectively uniting the disparate tribes of the highlands into one realm and beginning the process of amalgamation of its peoples.[5] The kingdom ultimately collapsed in the 6th century BC at the hands of invading Medes, and a realm called "Armenia" emerged from the territory of the fallen kingdom shortly after.[6]
As the Armenian identity developed in the region, the memory of Urartu faded and disappeared.[7] Parts of its history passed down as popular stories and were preserved in Armenia, as written by Movses Khorenatsi in the form of garbled legends[8][9] in his 5th century book History of Armenia, where he speaks of a first Armenian Kingdom in Van which fought wars against the Assyrians. Khorenatsi's stories of these wars with Assyria would help in the rediscovery of Urartu.[10]
Satrapy of Armenia
editIt is unclear where the exonym Armenia derived from; the earliest ever record that can confidently be considered Armenia appears in a trilingual Persian inscription as Armina in the Old Persian language and as Harminuya in the Elamite language, whereas the older name for the region, Urartu, was used in the Babylonian translation (see: Name of Armenia).
Orontid dynasty
editArmenia emerged as a kingdom under the Orontid dynasty (Armenian: Երվանդունի Yervanduni) in 570 BC, but had become a subject of the Persian Empire in 553 BC, as a satrapy. This period was marked with several Armenian revolts and struggles to gain independence from the Persian Empire.
Kingdom of Armenia
editThe satrapy of Armenia became an independent kingdom in 321 BC, after the conquests of Alexander the Great, but soon became incorporated as one of the Hellenistic kingdoms of the Seleucid Empire.
Artaxiad dynasty
editThe Artaxiad dynasty (Armenian: Արտաշեսյան Artashesian) rose to power and replaced the Orontids as rulers of Armenia in 189 BC.
During this time, Armenia was divided into several regions and kingdoms ruled by Armenian dynasties:
- Armenia Major (Armenian: Մեծ Հայք Mets Hayk), the main Armenian dominion.
- Armenia Minor (Armenian: Փոքր Հայք Pokr Hayk), also known as Lesser Armenia; initially ruled by the Orontid dynasty, but later ruled by Persians and Romans.
- Sophene (Armenian: Ծոփք Tsopk)
- Commagene (Armenian: Կոմմագենե Kommagene)
Armenian Empire
editDuring the eastern expansion of the Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Armenia, under Tigranes II (Armenian: Տիգրան Բ Tigran B), extinguished the Seleucid Empire, and between 84 BC to 59 BC, extended Armenia to reach the largest size it would ever become in its history, stretching from the Caspian sea in the east to the Mediterranean Sea in the west. Tigranes' empire was short-lived, however, as it would be defeated by Rome, after which the succeeding kings of Armenia ruled as Roman clients.
Arsacid dynasty
editFollowing the fall of the Armenian Empire, Armenia was contested between Rome and Parthia. For centuries, Armenia would find itself alternating between being independent, under Roman rule, and under Parthian rule (later Byzantine and Sassanian, respectively). During this period, the Artaxiad dynasty was overthrown by the Romans in 12 AD, and the Arsacid dynasty (Armenian: Արշակունի Arshakuni) rose to take their place as the rulers of Armenia in 54. Although the Arsacid dynasty ruled Armenia, it would continue to be contested between the Roman and Iranian empires.
Conversion to Christianity
editIn 301, Tiridates III (Armenian: Տրդատ Գ Trdat III) proclaimed Christianity as the state religion of Armenia, making Armenia the first state to embrace Christianity as the official state religion.
Creation of the Armenian Alphabet
editUntil this time, Armenians were using Greek scripts to write. But they had an alphabet of their own.[11] The rise of Christianity in Armenia brought the need to express the Armenian language more clearly, but as these scripts were not well suited for the Armenian language, it made preaching the Gospel difficult. This motivated a Christian theologian named Mesrop Mashtots (Armenian: Մեսրոպ Մաշտոց) to invent the Armenian alphabet in 405 and facilitate the spread of Christianity within Armenia and the neighboring kingdoms which Armenia had influence over (Iberia and Albania).
Fall of Armenia
editAfter the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern empires, and the rise of the Sassanian dynasty in Iran, Armenia would be on the frontier of the Roman–Sasanian wars. This would ultimately lead to the partitioning of Armenia into Byzantine Armenia in 387 and Sassanian Armenia in 428, which would bring an end to the history of ancient Armenia, and begin the period of Medieval Armenia.
References
edit- ^ Herszenhorn, David M. (3 October 2013). "Armenian Church, Survivor of the Ages, Faces Modern Hurdles". The New York Times.
- ^ "Armenian alphabet | writing system".
- ^ Zimansky, Paul E. (2011-01-01). "Urartu". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506512-1. Retrieved 2018-11-22.
- ^ Kurkjian, Vahan M. (1958). "A History of Armenia". University of Chicago. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
- ^ Armen Asher The Peoples of Ararat. 2009, p. 290-291. ISBN 978-1-4392-2567-7.
- ^ "Armenians" in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, edited by J. P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams, published in 1997 by Fitzroy Dearborn.
- ^ Armen Asher The Peoples of Ararat. 2009, p. 291. ISBN 978-1-4392-2567-7.
- ^ Edwards, I. E. S., ed. (1970). The Cambridge ancient history (3rd ed.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. p. 314. ISBN 0521850738. OCLC 121060.
In 1828, a French scholar, J. St Martin, [...] began to grope towards an explanation by connecting [Urartian cuneiform inscriptions] with the garbled legends preserved by an Armenian chronicler, Moses of Khorene (Moses Khorenatsi), probably of the eighth century A.D., according to whom the region was invaded from Assyria by a great army under its queen Semiramis who built a wondrous fortified city, citadel, and palaces at Van itself beside the lake. [...] It is clear that by the time of Moses of Khorene all other memory of this kingdom [Kingdom of Urartu], once the deadly rival of Assyria itself, had been forgotten and remained so, except for these popular legends.
- ^ Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2000–2005). Hacikyan, A. J. (ed.). The heritage of Armenian literature. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 31. ISBN 0814328156. OCLC 42477084.
The story [of the legend of Hayk] retains a few remote memories from tribal times, and reflects the struggles between Urartu-Ararat and Assyro-Babylonia from the ninth to the seventh centuries B.C. The tale had evolved through the ages, and by the time Movses Khorenatsi heard it and put it into writing, it had already acquired a coherent structure and literary style.
- ^ Çilingiroğlu, Altan; Darbyshire, G., eds. (2005). Anatolian Iron Ages 5. Fifth Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium held at Van, 6-10 August 2001. London: British Institute at Ankara. p. 146. ISBN 1912090570. OCLC 607821861.
What had for some time attracted the attention of scholars, and had led the Iranianist Saint-Martin of the Académie des Inscription in Paris to send the young Schulz to explore these sites [in Van], was to be found written in chapter 16 of Khorenatsi's work.
- ^ Hilkens, Andy. "2020. Hilkens, A. 'Language, Literacy and Historical Apologetics: Hippolytus of Rome's lists of literate peoples in the Syriac tradition,' Journal of Eastern Christian Studies 72(1-2), 1-32".