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Oxymetholone

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Oxymetholone, sold under the brand names Anadrol and Anapolon among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used primarily in the treatment of anemia.[5][6] It is also used to treat osteoporosis, HIV/AIDS wasting syndrome, and to promote weight gain[7] and muscle growth in certain situations.[5] It is taken by mouth.[5][6]

Oxymetholone
Clinical data
Trade namesAnadrol, Anapolon, others
Other namesCI-406; NSC-26198; 2-Hydroxymethylene-17α-methyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone; 2-Hydroxymethylene-17α-methyl-DHT; 2-Hydroxymethylene-17α-methyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one
AHFS/Drugs.comConsumer Drug Information
Pregnancy
category
  • X
Dependence
liability		Moderate [1]
Addiction
liability		Moderate [1]
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Drug classAndrogen; Anabolic steroid
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityWell-absorbed[3]
MetabolismLiver[3][4]
Elimination half-lifeUnknown[4]
ExcretionUrine[3][4]
Identifiers
  • (2Z,5S,8R,9S,10S,13S,14S,17S)-17-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethylidene)-10,13,17-trimethyl-1,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.006.454 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC21H32O3
Molar mass332.484 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C4/C(=C\O)C[C@]1([C@@H](CC[C@@H]2[C@@H]1CC[C@]3([C@H]2CC[C@@]3(O)C)C)C4)C
  • InChI=1S/C21H32O3/c1-19-11-13(12-22)18(23)10-14(19)4-5-15-16(19)6-8-20(2)17(15)7-9-21(20,3)24/h12,14-17,22,24H,4-11H2,1-3H3/b13-12-/t14-,15+,16-,17-,19-,20-,21-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:ICMWWNHDUZJFDW-DHODBPELSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Side effects of oxymetholone include increased sexual desire as well as symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, and voice changes.[5] It can also cause liver damage.[5][6] The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).[5][8] It has strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects.[5]

Oxymetholone was first prescribed in 1959 and was introduced for medical use but shortly after was discontinued due its high lipid toxicity in the year 1961.[5][9][10][11] It is used mostly in the United States.[5][12] In addition to its medical use, oxymetholone is used to improve physique and performance.[5] The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit.[5]

Medical uses

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The primary clinical applications of oxymetholone include treatment of anemia and osteoporosis, as well as stimulating muscle growth in malnourished or underdeveloped patients.[5] However, in the United States, the only remaining FDATooltip Food and Drug Administration-approved indication is the treatment of anemia.[5][13]

Following the introduction of oxymetholone, nonsteroidal drugs such as epoetin alfa were developed and shown to be more effective as a treatment for anemia and osteoporosis without the side effects of oxymetholone.[5] The drug remained available despite this and eventually found a new use in treating HIV/AIDS wasting syndrome.[5]

Presented most commonly as a 50 mg tablet, oxymetholone has been said to be one of the "strongest" and "most powerful" AAS available for medical use.[5][14] Similarly, there is a risk of side effects.[15][16] Oxymetholone is highly effective in promoting extensive gains in body mass, mostly by greatly improving protein synthesis.[5] For this reason, it is often used by bodybuilders and athletes.[5]

Non-medical uses

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Oxymetholone is used for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by competitive athletes, bodybuilders, and powerlifters.[5]

Side effects

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See also: Anabolic steroid § Adverse effects

The common side effects of oxymetholone include depression, lethargy, headache, swelling, fast and excessive weight gain, priapism, changes in skin color, urination problems, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain (if taken on an empty stomach), loss of appetite, jaundice, breast swelling in men, feeling restless or excited, insomnia, and diarrhea.[15] In women, side effects also include acne, changes in menstrual periods, voice deepening, hair growth on the chin or chest, pattern hair loss, enlarged clitoris, and changes in libido.[5][15] Because of its 17α-alkylated structure, oxymetholone is hepatotoxic.[5] Long term use of the drug can cause a variety of serious ailments, including hepatitis, liver cancer, and cirrhosis; therefore periodic liver function tests are recommended for those taking oxymetholone.[16]

Pharmacology

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Pharmacodynamics

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Androgenic vs. anabolic activity ratio
of androgens/anabolic steroids
Medication Ratioa
Testosterone ~1:1
Androstanolone (DHT) ~1:1
Methyltestosterone ~1:1
Methandriol ~1:1
Fluoxymesterone 1:1–1:15
Metandienone 1:1–1:8
Drostanolone 1:3–1:4
Metenolone 1:2–1:30
Oxymetholone 1:2–1:9
Oxandrolone 1:3–1:13
Stanozolol 1:1–1:30
Nandrolone 1:3–1:16
Ethylestrenol 1:2–1:19
Norethandrolone 1:1–1:20
Notes: In rodents. Footnotes: a = Ratio of androgenic to anabolic activity. Sources: See template.

Like other AAS, oxymetholone is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR).[5] It is not a substrate for 5α-reductase (as it is already 5α-reduced) and is a poor substrate for 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD), and therefore shows a high ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity.[5]

As a DHT derivative, oxymetholone is not a substrate for aromatase and hence cannot be aromatized into estrogenic metabolites.[5] However, uniquely among DHT derivatives, oxymetholone is nonetheless associated with relatively high estrogenicity, and is known to have the potential to produce estrogenic side effects such as gynecomastia (rarely) and water retention.[5][17][18][19] It has been suggested that this may be due to direct binding to and activation of the estrogen receptor by oxymetholone.[5] Oxymetholone does not possess any significant progestogenic activity.[5]

Pharmacokinetics

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There is limited information available on the pharmacokinetics of oxymetholone.[6] It appears to be well-absorbed with oral administration.[6] Oxymetholone has very low affinity for human serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), less than 5% of that of testosterone and less than 1% of that of DHT.[3] The drug is metabolized in the liver by oxidation at the C2 position, reduction at the C3 position, hydroxylation at the C17 position, and conjugation.[6][4] The C2 hydroxymethylene group of oxymetholone can be cleaved to form mestanolone (17α-methyl-DHT), which may contribute to the effects of oxymetholone.[5] The elimination half-life of oxymetholone is unknown.[4] Oxymetholone and its metabolites are eliminated in the urine.[3][4]

Chemistry

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See also: List of androgens/anabolic steroids

Oxymetholone, also known as 2-hydroxymethylene-17α-methyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone (2-hydroxymethylene-17α-methyl-DHT) or as 2-hydroxymethylene-17α-methyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a 17α-alkylated derivative of DHT.[20][21][5]

History

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Oxymetholone was first described in a 1959 paper by scientists from [[Syntelolname="Llewellyn2011" />[9] It was introduced for medical use by Syntex and Imperial Chemical Industries in the United Kingdom under the brand name Anapolon by 1961.[10][11] Oxymetholone was also introduced under the brand names Adroyd (Parke-Davis) by 1961 and Anadrol (Syntex) by 1962.[22][23][24] The drug was marketed in the United States in the early 1960s.[5]

Society and culture

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Generic names

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Oxymetholone is the generic name of the and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, USPTooltip United States Pharmacopeia, BANTooltip British Approved Name, and JANTooltip Japanese Accepted Name, while oxymétholone is its DCFTooltip Dénomination Commune Française.[20][21][25][12]

Brand names

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Oxymetholone has been marketed under a variety of brand names including Anadrol, Anadroyd, Anapolon, Anasterona, Anasteronal, Anasterone, Androlic, Androyd, Hemogenin, Nastenon, Oxitoland, Oxitosona, Oxyanabolic, Oxybolone, Protanabol, Roboral, Synasterobe, Synasteron, and Zenalosyn.[20][21][12][5][26]

Availability

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United States

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See also: List of androgens/anabolic steroids available in the United States

Oxymetholone is one of the few AAS that remains available for medical use in the United States.[27] The others (as of August 2023) are testosterone, testosterone cypionate, testosterone enanthate, testosterone undecanoate, methyltestosterone, fluoxymesterone, and nandrolone[27]

Other countries

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The availability of oxymetholone is fairly limited and seems to be scattered into isolated markets in Europe, Asia, and North and South America.[5] It is known to be available in Turkey, Greece, Moldova, Iran, Thailand, Brazil, and Paraguay.[5][12] At least historically, it has also been available in Canada, the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland,The UAE, Israel, Hong Kong, and India.[21]

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Oxymetholone, along with other AAS, is a schedule III controlled substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act.[28]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Anabolic steroid misuse". nhs.uk. 2022-11-04. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  2. ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  3. ^ a b c d e Saartok T, Dahlberg E, Gustafsson JA (June 1984). "Relative binding affinity of anabolic-androgenic steroids: comparison of the binding to the androgen receptors in skeletal muscle and in prostate, as well as to sex hormone-binding globulin". Endocrinology. 114 (6): 2100–6. doi:10.1210/endo-114-6-2100. PMID 6539197.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Hochadel M (1 April 2015). Mosby's Drug Reference for Health Professions. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1221–. ISBN 978-0-323-31103-8.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag William Llewellyn (2011). Anabolics. Molecular Nutrition Llc. pp. 323–334. ISBN 978-0-9828280-1-4.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Pavlatos AM, Fultz O, Monberg MJ, Vootkur A (June 2001). "Review of oxymetholone: a 17alpha-alkylated anabolic-androgenic steroid". Clinical Therapeutics. 23 (6): 789–801, discussion 771. doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(01)80070-9. PMID 11440282.
  7. ^ "Oxymetholone Powder Uses". aea.ltd. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
  8. ^ Kicman AT (June 2008). "Pharmacology of anabolic steroids". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 502–21. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.165. PMC 2439524. PMID 18500378.
  9. ^ a b Zderic JA, Carpio H, Ringold HJ (January 1959). "Steroids. CVI. Synthesis of 7β-Methyl Hormone Analogs". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81 (2): 432–436. doi:10.1021/ja01511a041.
  10. ^ a b "Advertisements". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 54 (3): XLI. 1961. PMC 1870224.
  11. ^ a b "Advertisements" (PDF). British Medical Journal. 1 (5224). 1961. PMC 1953122.
  12. ^ a b c d "Oxymetholone".
  13. ^ "Oxymetholone". AdisInsight. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
  14. ^ "Anadrol-50" (PDF). Meda Pharmaceuticals. December 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  15. ^ a b c "Oxymetholone Side Effects". drugs.com.
  16. ^ a b "Anadrol Official FDA Information, Side Effects and Uses". drugs.com.
  17. ^ Hengge UR, Stocks K, Wiehler H, Faulkner S, Esser S, Lorenz C, et al. (March 2003). "Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trial of oxymetholone for the treatment of HIV wasting". AIDS. 17 (5): 699–710. doi:10.1097/00002030-200303280-00008. PMID 12646793. S2CID 29998317.
  18. ^ Cortesgallegos V, Castaneda G, Alonso R, Perezpasten E, Reyeslugo V, Barron C, Mondragon L, Villalpando S (January 1982). "Spontaneous and Oxymetholone-Induced Gynecomastia". Journal of Andrology. 3 (1). C/O Allen Press, Inc Po Box 368, Lawrence, Ks 66044: Amer Soc Andrology, Inc.: 33.
  19. ^ Villalpando S, Mondragon L, Barron C, Reyeslugo U, Perezpasten E, Alonso R, Castaneda G, Gallegos V (January 1982). "5-Alpha Reductase Blockade May Be Responsible for Spontaneous and Oxymetholone-Induced Gynecomastia". Archivos de Investigacion Medica. 13 (2). Social Apdo Postal 73-032, Mexico Df 03020, Mexico: Inst Mexicano Seguro.: s13.
  20. ^ a b c Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 924–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  21. ^ a b c d Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. pp. 779–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
  22. ^ Locum R (1961). "Latest Pharmaceutical Preparations" (PDF). The Central African Journal of Medicine. 7 (11): 443–444.
  23. ^ Clark GM (August 1962). "New drugs in rheumatic disease". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 5 (4): 415–8. doi:10.1002/art.1780050411. PMID 13879693.
  24. ^ Matusow PD (1962). "If - Then; C.A.M.S.I.; In the future" (PDF). Dalhousie Medical Journal. 15 (1).
  25. ^ Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 212–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1.
  26. ^ Kochakian CD (6 December 2012). Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 632–. ISBN 978-3-642-66353-6.
  27. ^ a b "Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products". United States Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  28. ^ Karch SB (21 December 2006). Drug Abuse Handbook, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-1-4200-0346-8.

Further reading

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  • Pavlatos AM, Fultz O, Monberg MJ, Vootkur A (June 2001). "Review of oxymetholone: a 17alpha-alkylated anabolic-androgenic steroid". Clinical Therapeutics. 23 (6): 789–801, discussion 771. doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(01)80070-9. PMID 11440282.
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