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The angle of arrival (AoA) of a signal is the direction from which the signal (e.g. radio, optical or acoustic) is received.[1]
Measurement
editMeasurement of AoA can be done by determining the direction of propagation of a radio-frequency wave incident on an antenna array or determined from maximum signal strength during antenna rotation.
The AoA can be calculated by measuring the time difference of arrival (TDOA) between individual elements of the array.
Generally this TDOA measurement is made by measuring the difference in received phase at each element in the antenna array. This can be thought of as beamforming in reverse. In beamforming, the signal from each element is weighed to "steer" the gain of the antenna array. In AoA, the delay of arrival at each element is measured directly and converted to an AoA measurement.
Consider, for example, a two element array spaced apart by one-half the wavelength of an incoming RF wave. If a wave is incident upon the array at boresight, it will arrive at each antenna simultaneously. This will yield 0° phase-difference measured between the two antenna elements, equivalent to a 0° AoA. If a wave is incident upon the array at broadside, then a 180° phase difference will be measured between the elements, corresponding to a 90° AoA.
In single antenna case, data-driven techniques[2] are powerful tools to estimate AoA, capitalizing on the inherent imperfections of the antenna.
In optics, AoA can be calculated using interferometry.
Applications
editAn application of AoA is in the geolocation of cell phones. The aim is either for the cell system to report the location of a cell phone placing an emergency call or to provide a service to tell the user of the cell phone where they are. Multiple receivers on a base station would calculate the AoA of the cell phone's signal, and this information would be combined to determine the phone's location.
AoA is generally used to discover the location of pirate radio stations or of any military radio transmitter.
In submarine acoustics, AoA is used to localize objects with active or passive ranging.
Limitation
editLimitations on the accuracy of estimation of angle of arrival signals in digital antenna arrays are associated with jitter ADC and DAC.[3]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Boquet, Guillem; Boquet-Pujadas, Aleix; Pisa, Ivan; Dabak, Anand; Vilajosana, Xavier; Martinez, Borja (2024-07-01). "Indoor position estimation using angle of arrival measurements: An efficient multi-anchor approach with outlier rejection". Internet of Things. 26: 101236. doi:10.1016/j.iot.2024.101236. ISSN 2542-6605.
- ^ E. Güven and G. K. Kurt. "Learning-to-Learn the Wave Angle Estimation". IEEE Transactions on Communications. doi:10.1109/TCOMM.2024.3381726.
- ^ M. Bondarenko and V.I. Slyusar. "Influence of jitter in ADC on precision of direction-finding by digital antenna arrays. // Radioelectronics and Communications Systems. - Volume 54, Number 8, 2011.- Pp. 436 - 445.-" (PDF). doi:10.3103/S0735272711080061.