Anna Krauss (née Friese; 27 October 1884, Bogen[a] – 5 August 1943, Plötzensee Prison, Berlin)[1] was a German clairvoyant, fortune-teller and businesswomen who became a resistance fighter against the Nazi regime, through her association with a Berlin-based anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra ("Rote Kapelle") by the Abwehr, during the Nazi regime.
Life
edit
Krauss was a daughter of a farmer, Johann Friese. In 1911, Krauss married Hungarian Josef Krauss and had a son, Rudolf (born 1914).[2] Josef Krauss was killed in World War I, leaving her a widow. Krauss had a sister, Magda Friese, who lived in an apartment at Parkallee 10, Stahnsdorf. Krauss and her son lived in Berlin from 1920. To earn a living, she owned and ran a sewing workshop. Since 1936, Krauss, who had undergone commercial training in her youth, had become the owner of a paint and varnish wholesaler in Berlin.[2]
Resistance
editAt the end of 1938, Krauss sheltered a young 22-year-old Jewish woman, Sophie Kuh (her later married name was Sophie Templer-Kuh), who was waiting for a British visa.[3] She had gone to Berlin to visit the British embassy to extend her visa. Sophie Templer-Kuh would die in 2021, aged 104.[4]
In August 1941, Libertas Schulze-Boysen became a client of Krauss after being introduced by Heinrich Karbe, a newspaper journalist. Through Schulze-Boysen, Krauss met Toni Graudenz, wife of John Graudenz, as they both had apartments in Stahnsdorf, being neighbours. Krauss would eventually volunteer the use of her apartment to Graudenz, to host two mimeograph machines to produce anti-Nazi leaflets for the group.[5]
Many of Krauss's customers were superstitious German officers looking for advice and as they described their upcoming campaigns, she would pass the details along to Schulze-Boyzen via Toni Graudenz who acted in the role of cutout. One of these German officers in that mold was Erwin Gehrts. Gehrts, a Colonel in the Luftwaffe, was interested in metaphysics and the occult and led a life that was extraordinary superstitious.[6] He regularly visited Krauss for advice.[6] Krauss read the fortunes of all the members of the resistance group to provide to provide and engender a steely backbone.[7] In a trance like state she would describe the future political future after the Nazis.[6]
Krauss was a full member of the Schulze-Boysen group and was fully informed of all their activities. She would also take part in distributing pamphlets and leaflets.[6] Krauss used her own apartment to host duplicate mimeograph machines that John Graudenz ran to create the leaflets that were known under the name AGIS.[8] Graudenz was responsible for the technical aspect of the production of leaflets and pamphlets that the group produced.[9]
Arrest
editKrauss was arrested on 14 September 1942. She was tried by the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht ("Military court") and it was announced on 12 February 1943 that she had been sentenced to death for "decomposing the military force". The execution took place on 5 August 1943, as part of a serial execution, during which 17 people, 3 men and 14 women, were guillotined.[10][11]
Notes
edit- ^ Occasionally an author may give her date of birth as 7 May 1879, but more often it is the latter.
References
edit- ^ Wesner, Marina; Strube, Dorothea (2007). "Das frauengefängnisin der barnimstrasse" (PDF). FHXB Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg Museum (in German). Association for the Study of the History of Kreuzberg. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
- ^ a b Fieber, Hans-Joachim (2002). Widerstand in Berlin gegen das NS-Regime 1933 bis 1945: ein biographisches Lexikon (in German). Trafo Verlag. pp. 163–164. ISBN 978-3-89626-354-4. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ^ Nelson, Anne (2009). Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler. New York: Random House. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-4000-6000-9.
- ^ Ensikat, David (27 February 2021). "Heimatlos und guter Dinge" (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Der Tagesspiegel. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ^ Anne Nelson (7 April 2009). Red Orchestra: The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler. Random House Publishing Group. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-58836-799-0. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945 (pdf). Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-89093-203-2.
- ^ Harro Schulze-Boysen (1999). Dieser Tod paßt zu mir (in German). Aufbau-Verlag. p. 412. ISBN 978-3-351-02493-2. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
- ^ Nelson, Anne (2009). Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler. New York: Random House. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-4000-6000-9.
- ^ Corina L. Petrescu (2010). Against All Odds: Models of Subversive Spaces in National Socialist Germany. Peter Lang. p. 229. ISBN 978-3-03911-845-8. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
- ^ Gostomski, Victor von; Loch, Walter (1993). Der Tod von Plötzensee : Erinnerungen, Ereignisse, Dokumente, 1942-1944 (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Bloch. p. 222. ISBN 9783929686005.
- ^ Coppi, Hans (5 August 2003). "Vor 60 Jahren wurden die Mitglieder der "Roten Kapelle" hingerichtet. Auch meine Mutter: Mit Gnade hat sie nie gerechnet" (in German). Berliner Verlag GmbH. Berliner Zeitung. Retrieved 14 April 2021.