Anopheles nili is a species of mosquito[1] in the Culicidae family.[2] It comprises the following elements: An. carnevalei, An. nili, An. ovengensis and An. somalicus.[3] The scientific name of this species was first published in 1904 by Theobald.[4] It is the main mosquito species found in the south Cameroon forest zone which bites humans.[5] It is known as a problematic carrier of malaria,[6] although newly discovered, closely related species in the same genus have also been found to interact with A. nili as a disease vector.[7] In that, they both have similar feeding habits on local targets in the Cameroon region.[8]
| Anopheles nili | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Culicidae |
| Genus: | Anopheles |
| Subgenus: | Cellia |
| Species: | A. nili
|
| Binomial name | |
| Anopheles nili Theobald, 1904
| |
Life cycle
editFor more information, see mosquito life cycle.
Similar to all mosquitoes, Anopheles nili go through a life stages of egg, larva, pupa, then emerge as adults.[9]
Anopheles nili is a generalist species, meaning that they may adapt to different environments to survive.[10] This has worked to the detriment of human health, as the mosquito species has become very well adapted to spawning in dam reservoirs.[11] As A. nili shifts its habitats to areas of high human concentration, they also begin to mate and spawn their young in nearby reservoirs, such as dams. This of course allows spread of malaria to the nearby populace.[9]
As malaria carriers
editMosquitoes are well known carriers of malaria, A. nili being without exception. As a native species that has adapted to live with the environmental changes of Cameroon it marks itself as a common species found to be carrying malarial parasites in the newly built dams of Cameroon.[12]
Dam development in Cameroon marks itself as a grave detriment to native populations health, through the spread of malaria. Dam developments in particular, because mass environmental changes alter the balance of disease hosts, vectors, and parasite development.[9] Studies have been made in recent history before and after dams are built in Cameroon to better understand the method in how malaria is transmitted. It was found in studies dating back as long as1979, where native mosquitoes, like A. nili, favoured dams as breeding grounds; and thus ripe for malaria breakouts.[13] It was also found in those researches that the malarial parasites are found in the midgut of mosquitoes, that being an example of the parasites persistence.[14]
References
edit- ^ Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe; Simard, Frédéric (2013), Manguin, Sylvie (ed.), "Highlights on Anopheles nili and Anopheles moucheti, Malaria Vectors in Africa", Anopheles Mosquitoes: New Insights into Malaria Vectors, Wellcome Trust–Funded Monographs and Book Chapters, Rijeka (HR): InTech, ISBN 978-953-51-1188-7, PMID 28045480, retrieved 2020-08-03
- ^ Ossè, Razaki A.; Tokponnon, Filémon; Padonou, Germain Gil; Sidick, Aboubakar; Aïkpon, Rock; Fassinou, Arsène; Koukpo, Come Z.; Sèwadé, Wilfrid; Akinro, Bruno; Sovi, Arthur; Aïssi, Melchior (2019-04-29). "Involvement of Anopheles nili in Plasmodium falciparum transmission in North Benin". Malaria Journal. 18 (1): 152. doi:10.1186/s12936-019-2792-0. ISSN 1475-2875. PMC 6489317. PMID 31036025.
- ^ "Anopheles (Cellia) nili species complex". MAP. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
- ^ Harbach, Ralph (2013) Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory - Valid Species (Last updated May 5, 2013)
- ^ Carnevale, P.; Goff, G. Le; Toto, J.-C.; Robert, V. (1992). "Anopheles nili as the main vector of human malaria in villages of southern Cameroon" (PDF). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 6 (2): 135–138. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1992.tb00590.x. ISSN 1365-2915. PMID 1421483. S2CID 13558360.
- ^ Antonio-Nkondjio, Christopher (October 26, 2019). "Review of malaria situation in Cameroon: technical viewpoint on challenges and prospects for disease elimination". Parasites & Vectors. 12 (1): 501. doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3753-8. PMC 6815446. PMID 31655608 – via Web of Science.
- ^ Sharakhova, Maria V.; Peery, Ashley; Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe; Xia, Ai; Ndo, Cyrille; Awono-Ambene, Parfait; Simard, Frederic; Sharakhov, Igor V. (2013-06-06). "Cytogenetic analysis of Anopheles ovengensis revealed high structural divergence of chromosomes in the Anopheles nili group". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 16: 341–348. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.010. PMC 3669242. PMID 23523820.
- ^ Wanji, Samuel; Tanke, Theodore; Atanga, Sali N.; Ajonina, Caroline; Nicholas, Tendongfor; Fontenille, Didier (2003-07-07). "Anopheles species of the mount Cameroon region: biting habits, feeding behaviour and entomological inoculation rates". Tropical Medicine and International Health. 8 (7): 643–649. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01070.x. ISSN 1360-2276. PMID 12828548. S2CID 7328386.
- ^ a b c Prevention, CDC-Centers for Disease Control and (2020-07-16). "CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Biology". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
- ^ Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe; Ndo, Cyrille; Costantini, Carlo; Awono-Ambene, Parfait; Fontenille, Didier; Simard, Frédéric (2009-11-05). "Distribution and larval habitat characterization of Anopheles moucheti, Anopheles nili, and other malaria vectors in river networks of southern Cameroon". Acta Tropica. 112 (3): 270–276. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.08.009. PMID 19682965.
- ^ Mbakop, Lili R.; Awono-Ambene, Parfait H.; Mandeng, Stanislas E.; Ekoko, Wolfgang E.; Fesuh, Betrand N.; Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe; Toto, Jean-Claude; Nwane, Philippe; Fomena, Abraham; Etang, Josiane (2019-05-09). "Malaria Transmission around the Memve'ele Hydroelectric Dam in South Cameroon: A Combined Retrospective and Prospective Study, 2000–2016". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (9): 1618. doi:10.3390/ijerph16091618. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 6539953. PMID 31075820.
- ^ Ndo, Cyrille; Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe; Cohuet, Anna; Ayala, Diego; Kengne, Pierre; Morlais, Isabelle; Awono-Ambene, Parfait H; Couret, Daniel; Ngassam, Pierre; Fontenille, Didier; Simard, Frédéric (2010-06-12). "Population genetic structure of the malaria vector Anopheles nili in sub-Saharan Africa". Malaria Journal. 9 (1): 161. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-161. ISSN 1475-2875. PMC 2898787. PMID 20540796.
- ^ Mbakop, Lili R.; Awono-Ambene, Parfait H.; Mandeng, Stanislas E.; Ekoko, Wolfgang E.; Fesuh, Betrand N.; Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe; Toto, Jean-Claude; Nwane, Philippe; Fomena, Abraham; Etang, Josiane (May 2019). "Malaria Transmission around the Memve'ele Hydroelectric Dam in South Cameroon: A Combined Retrospective and Prospective Study, 2000–2016". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (9): 1618. doi:10.3390/ijerph16091618. ISSN 1661-7827. PMC 6539953. PMID 31075820.
- ^ Robert, V.; le Goff, G.; Gouagna, L. C.; Sinden, M.; Kieboom, J.; Kroneman, R.; Verhave, J. P. (1998-01-15). "Kinetics and efficiency of Plasmodium falciparum development in the midguts of Anopheles gambiae, An. funestus and An. nili". Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 92 (1): 115–118. doi:10.1080/00034983.1998.11813268. ISSN 0003-4983. PMID 9614461. S2CID 37768559.