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Antonino Paternò Castello, Marchese di San Giuliano

Antonino Paternò Castello, VIII Marquess of San Giuliano (9 December 1852 – 16 October 1914), was an Italian diplomat and Minister of Foreign Affairs and member of the House of Paternò, a major Sicilian noble family.

Antonino Paternò Castello, Marchese di San Giuliano
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
24 December 1905 – 8 February 1906
Prime MinisterAlessandro Fortis
Preceded byAlessandro Fortis
Succeeded byFrancesco Guicciardini
In office
31 March 1910 – 16 October 1914
Prime MinisterLuigi Luzzatti
Giovanni Giolitti
Antonio Salandra
Preceded byFrancesco Guicciardini
Succeeded bySidney Sonnino
Personal details
Born
Antonino Paternò Castello

(1852-12-09)9 December 1852
Catania, Sicily
Died16 October 1914(1914-10-16) (aged 61)
Rome, Italy
Political partyHistorical Right

Early life and political career

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Antonino Paternò Castello was born in Catania, Sicily into the House of Paternò, a major feudal and princely family descended from House of Barcellona. In his younger years he studied economics and sociology, and published articles on agriculture, industry, population, labour legislation, and emigration in various journals.[1]

In 1882 he was elected to parliament and aligned himself with Sidney Sonnino, representing the conservatives who identified with the old Historical Right. In the early years of the 20th century, he focused on foreign policy in the years of the polarization of European powers into the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente blocs. He was convinced that Italy's national interest could best advanced by balancing itself between the two competing alliances.[1]

Foreign policy

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He conducted a policy of friendship toward France, while remaining faithful to Italy's commitments to Austria-Hungary and the German Empire. He served as foreign minister (1905–1906), ambassador to London (1906–1909), ambassador to Paris (1909–1910), and foreign minister (1910–1914). An advocate of colonial expansion, his diplomacy cleared the way for the occupation of Libya during the Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912). He resisted the expansion of Austria-Hungary in the Balkans, supported Italian economic penetration of Montenegro, and the independence of Albania.[1]

World War I

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When World War I broke out, he implemented a policy of neutrality but did not rule out intervention, according to Prime Minister Antonio Salandra's policy of "sacred egoism" (sacro egoismo).[2] Negotiating with both the Triple Entente and Triple Alliance powers, he insisted on gaining maximum territorial concessions for participation in the war to fulfill Italy's irredentist claims.[2]

He became seriously ill in October 1914 and retired. His successor, Sidney Sonnino, followed the negotiating strategy set by San Giuliano, leading to the secret Treaty of London or London Pact (Italian: Patto di Londra) with the Triple Entente. According to the pact, Italy was to leave the Triple Alliance and join the Triple Entente. Italy was to declare war against Germany and Austria-Hungary within a month in return for territorial concessions at the end of the war.

Honours

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Sarti, Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present, pp. 539-40
  2. ^ a b Clark, Modern Italy: 1871 to the present, p. 219
  3. ^ a b Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1914). Calendario generale del regno d'Italia. p. 103.
  4. ^ Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1914). Calendario generale del regno d'Italia. p. 81.
  5. ^ Royal Decree of 1910/-Mémorial du centenaire de l'Ordre de Léopold. 1832-1932. Bruxelles, J. Rozez, 1933.
  6. ^ "Journal de Monaco - 31 Mai 1910" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2022.
  7. ^ "Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1912. p. 173.
  8. ^ "叙勲裁可書 (伊国外務大臣侯爵アントニーノ、ディ、サン、ジュリアーノ外二十名叙勲ノ件) - 大正2年9月8日".

Further reading

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