Aoshima (written: 青島 or 青嶋 lit. "blue island") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Chiho Aoshima (青島 千穂, born 1974), Japanese artist
- Fumiaki Aoshima (青嶋 文明, born 1968), Japanese footballer
- Mirai Aoshima (青嶋 未来, born 1995), professional shogi player
- Takuma Aoshima (青島 拓馬, born 1993), Japanese footballer
- Yukio Aoshima (青島 幸男, 1932–2006), Japanese politician
Fictional characters:
- Aoshima Toshiyuki, character from the manga series Oh My Goddess!