Wikipedia

April 2014 lunar eclipse

A total lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Tuesday, April 15, 2014,[1] with an umbral magnitude of 1.2918. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon's near side entirely passes into the Earth's umbral shadow. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last up to nearly two hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts only a few minutes at any given place, because the Moon's shadow is smaller. The Moon's apparent diameter was near the average diameter because it occurred 6.9 days after apogee (on April 8, 2014, at 10:50 UTC) and 7.6 days before perigee (on April 22, 2014, at 20:20 UTC).[2]

April 2014 lunar eclipse
Total eclipse
Totality as viewed from Lomita, California, 7:44 UTC
DateApril 15, 2014
Gamma−0.3017
Magnitude1.2918
Saros cycle122 (56 of 75)
Totality77 minutes, 48 seconds
Partiality214 minutes, 43 seconds
Penumbral343 minutes, 53 seconds
Contacts (UTC)
P14:53:40
U15:58:19
U27:06:46
Greatest7:45:39
U38:24:34
U49:33:02
P410:37:33

This lunar eclipse is the first of a tetrad, with four total lunar eclipses in series, the others being on October 8, 2014; April 4, 2015; and September 28, 2015.

Background

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Main article: Lunar eclipse

A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes within Earth's umbra (shadow). As the eclipse begins, the Earth's shadow first darkens the Moon slightly. Then, the shadow begins to "cover" part of the Moon, turning it a dark red-brown color (typically - the color can vary based on atmospheric conditions). The Moon appears to be reddish because of Rayleigh scattering (the same effect that causes sunsets to appear reddish) and the refraction of that light by the Earth's atmosphere into its umbra.[3]

The following simulation shows the approximate appearance of the Moon passing through the Earth's shadow. The Moon's brightness is exaggerated within the umbral shadow. The northern portion of the Moon was closest to the center of the shadow, making it darkest, and most red in appearance.

 
Simulation of the appearance of the Moon just before, during and just after the eclipse

Description

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NASA chart of the eclipse
 
The planet Mars was near opposition, as shown in this geo-centered motion of Mars from 2003 to 2018.

On April 15, 2014, the Moon passed through the southern part of the Earth's umbral shadow.[4] It was visible over most of the western hemisphere, including eastern Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific Ocean, and the Americas.[5] In the western Pacific, the first half of the eclipse occurred before moonrise. In Europe and Africa, the eclipse began just before moonset.[4] Mars, which had just passed its opposition, appeared at magnitude -1.5 about 9.5° northwest of the Moon.[5][4][6][7] Spica was 2° to the west, while Arcturus was 32° north. Saturn was 26° east and Antares 44° southeast.[4]

The Moon entered Earth's penumbral shadow at 4:53:40 UTC and the umbral shadow at 5:58:19. Totality lasted for 1 hour 17.8 minutes, from 7:06:46 to 8:24:34. The moment of greatest eclipse occurred at 7:45:39. At that point, the Moon's zenith was approximately 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) southwest of the Galápagos Islands. The Moon left the umbral shadow at 9:33:02 and the penumbral shadow at 10:37:33.[4]

The peak umbral magnitude was 1.29177, at which moment the northern part of the moon was 1.7 arc-minutes south of the center of Earth's shadow, while the southern part was 40.0 arc-minutes from center. The gamma of the eclipse was −0.3017.[4]

The eclipse was a member of Lunar Saros 122. It was the 56th such eclipse.[4]

   
Hourly motion shown right to left 		 
The Moon's hourly motion across the Earth's shadow in the constellation of Virgo, near the star Spica with the planet Mars near, slightly west on the ecliptic.
 
Visibility map

Timing

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Local times of contacts
Time Zone
adjustments from
UTC 		+12h -9h -8h -7h -6h -5h -4h -3h
NZST HDT AKDT PDT MDT CDT
PET 		EDT
BOT 		ADT
AMST
ART
Event Evening 15 April Evening 14 April Morning 15 April
P1 Penumbral begins* Under Horizon 7:54 pm 8:54 pm 9:54 pm 10:54 pm 11:54 pm 12:54 am 1:54 am
U1 Partial begins 5:58 pm 8:58 pm 9:58 pm 10:58 pm 11:58 pm 12:58 am 1:58 am 2:58 am
U2 Total begins 7:07 pm 10:07 pm 11:07 pm 12:07 am 1:07 am 2:07 am 3:07 am 4:07 am
Mid-eclipse 7:46 pm 10:46 pm 11:46 pm 12:46 am 1:46 am 2:46 am 3:46 am 4:46 am
U3 Total ends 8:25 pm 11:25 pm 12:25 am 1:25 am 2:25 am 3:25 am 4:25 am 5:25 am
U4 Partial ends 9:33 pm 12:33 am 1:33 am 2:33 am 3:33 am 4:33 am 5:33 am 6:33 am
P4 Penumbral ends 10:38 pm 1:38 am 2:38 am 3:38 am 4:38 am 5:38 am 6:38 am Set

* The penumbral phase of the eclipse changes the appearance of the Moon only slightly and is generally not noticeable.[8]

 
Contact points relative to the earth's umbral and penumbral shadows, here with the moon near is descending node
The timing of total lunar eclipses are determined by its contacts:[9]
  • P1 (First contact): Beginning of the penumbral eclipse. Earth's penumbra touches the Moon's outer limb.
  • U1 (Second contact): Beginning of the partial eclipse. Earth's umbra touches the Moon's outer limb.
  • U2 (Third contact): Beginning of the total eclipse. The Moon's surface is entirely within Earth's umbra.
  • Greatest eclipse: The peak stage of the total eclipse. The Moon is at its closest to the center of Earth's umbra.
  • U3 (Fourth contact): End of the total eclipse. The Moon's outer limb exits Earth's umbra.
  • U4 (Fifth contact): End of the partial eclipse. Earth's umbra leaves the Moon's surface.
  • P4 (Sixth contact): End of the penumbral eclipse. Earth's penumbra no longer makes contact with the Moon.

Viewing events

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Many museums and observatories planned special events for the eclipse. The United States National Park Service sponsored events at Great Basin National Park and Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore.[10] The University of Hawaii's Institute for Astronomy held events at two locations on the islands.[11] The Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles, California streamed the eclipse live on the Internet.[5]

NASA hosted two live question-and-answer sessions online. The first happened roughly 12 hours before the eclipse via Reddit's Ask Me Anything. The second was a web chat hosted on NASA's site just before the eclipse began. NASA also streamed the eclipse live on their website.[12] NASA TV provided 3 hours of live coverage beginning at 2 a.m. EDT.[13]

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Relation to prophecy

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Main article: Blood moon prophecy

Starting in 2008, Christian pastors John Hagee and Mark Biltz began teaching "blood moon prophecies": Biltz said the Second Coming of Jesus would occur at the end of the tetrad that began with the April 2014 eclipse, while Hagee said only that the tetrad is a sign of something significant.[14] The idea gained popular media attention in the United States, and prompted a response from the scientific radio show Earth & Sky.[5][15] According to Christian Today, only a "small group of Christians" saw the eclipse as having religious significance, despite the attention.[16]

Eclipse details

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Shown below is a table displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. It describes various parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[17]

April 15, 2014 Lunar Eclipse Parameters
Parameter Value
Penumbral Magnitude 2.31934
Umbral Magnitude 1.29177
Gamma −0.30174
Sun Right Ascension 01h33m40.0s
Sun Declination +09°46'27.6"
Sun Semi-Diameter 15'56.6"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 08.8"
Moon Right Ascension 13h33m21.1s
Moon Declination -10°02'59.8"
Moon Semi-Diameter 15'30.9"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 0°56'56.4"
ΔT 67.4 s

Eclipse season

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See also: Eclipse cycle

This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Eclipse season of April 2014
April 15
Ascending node (full moon)
 April 29
Descending node (new moon)
   
Total lunar eclipse
Lunar Saros 122		 Annular solar eclipse
Solar Saros 148
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Eclipses in 2014

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Metonic

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Tzolkinex

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Half-Saros

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Tritos

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Lunar Saros 122

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Inex

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Triad

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Lunar eclipses of 2013–2016

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Lunar eclipse series sets from 2013–2016
Ascending node   Descending node
Saros Viewing
date 		Type Gamma Saros Viewing
date 		Type Gamma
112
  		2013 Apr 25
  		Partial
  		−1.0121 117
  		2013 Oct 18
  		Penumbral
  		1.1508
122
  		2014 Apr 15
  		Total
  		−0.3017 127
  		2014 Oct 08
  		Total
  		0.3827
132
  		2015 Apr 04
  		Total
  		0.4460 137
  		2015 Sep 28
  		Total
  		−0.3296
142 2016 Mar 23
  		Penumbral
  		1.1592 147
  		2016 Sep 16
  		Penumbral
  		−1.0549
Last set 2013 May 25 Last set 2012 Nov 28
Next set 2017 Feb 11 Next set 2016 Aug 18

Half-Saros cycle

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A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros).[18] This lunar eclipse is related to two hybrid total/annualar solar eclipses of solar saros 129.

April 8, 2005 April 20, 2023
   

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "April 14–15, 2014 Total Lunar Eclipse (Blood Moon)". timeanddate. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  2. ^ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  3. ^ Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus. "Visual Appearance of Lunar Eclipses". NASA. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Espenek, Fred. "Eclipses During 2014". NASA. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d Elizabeth Weise (3 April 2014). "Blood moon eclipse on April 15 is a special event". USA Today. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  6. ^ "Sneak peek and quick observing guide to April's opposition of Mars". Astro Bob. 3 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  7. ^ Beish, Jeffrey D. (12 April 2013). "The 2013-2014 Aphelic Apparition of Mars". alpo-astronomy.org. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014.
  8. ^ Espenak, Fred. "Lunar Eclipses for Beginners". MrEclipse. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  9. ^ Clarke, Kevin. "On the nature of eclipses". Inconstant Moon. Cyclopedia Selenica. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
  10. ^ Jim Burnett. "Parks Can Offer A Great Setting For Viewing Upcoming Total Lunar Eclipses". National Parks Traveler. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  11. ^ "Institute for Astronomy holds lunar eclipse viewing parties" (Press release). University of Hawaii. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  12. ^ "Stay 'Up All Night' to Watch the Lunar Eclipse!". NASA. April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  13. ^ "NASA to Provide Live Coverage and Commentary of April 15 Lunar Eclipse". NASA. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  14. ^ Garrett Haley (14 April 2014). "Upcoming 'Blood Moon' Lunar Eclipses Spark Woes, Discussion About End Times Bible Prophecy". Christian News Network. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  15. ^ Bruce McClure; Deborah Byrd (30 March 2014). "What is a Blood Moon?". Earth & Sky. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  16. ^ Samantha Blake (5 April 2014). "Lunar Eclipse April 15, 2014: Four Blood Moons a sign of End Times?". Christian Today. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  17. ^ "Total Lunar Eclipse of 2014 Apr 15". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  18. ^ Mathematical Astronomy Morsels, Jean Meeus, p.110, Chapter 18, The half-saros
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