Apsat (also Avsati or Æfsatī; Georgian: აფსათი) is a male deity of birds and animals in the mythology of the peoples of the Caucasus.[1][2] His name may come from the Abkhaz language word a-psaatʷ, meaning "bird",[3] or possibly from the name of the Christian saint with whom he was popularly associated, Saint Eustathios; it should also be noted that in Digor, Æfsæ (cognate with Iron: ефс) means horse, and his name would thus be colloquially understood to mean "of horses".[4][5][6] Some sources regard him as responsible for all hunted game, while others consider him to watch over fish and birds specifically.[5] In some cycles, he is the primary hunting god, while in others, he is part of a pantheon of hunting deities.[7] A few sources connect him with thunder and lightning.[8]
Svan people
editThe Svan people of Georgia regard Apsat as one among a pantheon of hunting deities, said to be assistants of the deity Ber Shishvlish, the "Lord of the Bare Mountain".[9] To the Svan, Apsat is the patron of fish and birds. In this capacity, he works with Dzhgyrag (the Svan name for St. George), who is associated with hunters and wolves, Cxek'ish angelwez (the Angel of the Forest) who is responsible for forest animals like bears and foxes, and the goddess Dali, the patron of hoofed mountain animals like goats.[2][9]
The association of Apsat with fish and birds is thought to stem from the eagle, which, as a fishing bird, is associated with both the sky and the water.[7]
Ossetian people
editTo the Ossetian people, Apsat is called Æfsatī, and he is regarded as the primary deity of the hunt.[10] He appears as such in the Ossetian epic called the Nart saga.[5] Ossetian hunters referred to game as Æfsatī's cattle (Ossetian: Æfsatijy fos).[1] Hunters would make offerings and sing hymns begging his favor, and if successful in the hunt, would offer roasted organs such as the heart or the liver for thanks.[10] He is most commonly portrayed as elderly, bearded, and either one-eyed or blind.[11] It was said that he dwelt in a hut deep in the forest with his wife and daughters, and would occasionally permit huntsmen to marry his daughters.[10] Occasionally he was portrayed as a man with antlers or an animal with a white coat.[5]
Other traditions
editThe Karachay people of the North Caucasus revered Apsat as Apsatı[2] or ApsatƏ,[5] god of hunting and prey. His daughter Fatima was known for her beauty.[2] Like the Ossetian Æfsatī, Apsatı often took the form of a white goat.[5]
References
edit- ^ a b Charachidzé, Georges (1993-05-15). "Gods and myths of the Abkhaz, the Cherkess, and the Ubykh of the North Caucasus". In Bonnefoy, Yves (ed.). Asian Mythologies. Translated by Leavitt, John. University of Chicago Press. p. 341. ISBN 9780226064567.
- ^ a b c d Chirikba, Viacheslav A. (2015-06-25). "Between Christianity and Islam: Heathen Heritage in the Caucasus". In Bläsing, Uwe; Arakelova, Victoria; Weinreich, Matthias (eds.). Studies on Iran and The Caucasus: In Honour of Garnik Asatrian. BRILL. p. 161. ISBN 9789004302068.
- ^ Tuite, Kevin (2006-02-20). "The meaning of Dæl. Symbolic and spatial associations of the south Caucasian goddess of game animals." (PDF). In O’Neil, Catherine; Scoggin, Mary; Tuite, Kevin (eds.). Language, Culture and the Individual. A Tribute to Paul Friedrich. pp. 165–188. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ Arzhantseva, I. A.; Albegova, Z. Kh. (1999). "Kul'tovye kamni Kiafarskogo gorodšča". In Markovin, V. I.; Munčaev, R. M. (eds.). Drevnosti Severnogo Kavkaza (in Russian). Moscow. pp. 183–200.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e f Tuite, Kevin (2018). "Image-mediated diffusion and body shift in the cult of St Eustace in the western Caucasus" (PDF). In Bealcovschi, Simona (ed.). Le Corps Et Le Lieu: Nouveaux Terrains. Montréal: éditions@anthro. p. 144. ISBN 978-2-9800881-5-5. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "ӕфсӕ", Wiktionary, 2017-02-13, retrieved 2023-05-21
- ^ a b Charachidzé, Georges (1993-05-15). "The Religion and Myths of the Georgians of the Mountains". In Bonnefoy, Yves (ed.). American, African, and Old European Mythologies. Translated by Leavitt, John. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-226-06457-4.
- ^ Golan, Ariel (2003-01-01). Prehistoric Religion: Mythology, Symbolism. Jerusalem: Ariel Golan. p. 88. ISBN 9789659055500.
- ^ a b Chaudhri, Anna (2002-09-11). "The Caucasian Hunting-Divinity, Male and Female: Traces of the Hunting Goddess in Ossestic Folklore". In Billington, Sandra; Green, Miranda (eds.). The Concept of the Goddess. London: Routledge. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-134-64151-2.
- ^ a b c Chaudhri 2002, p. 167-168.
- ^ Tuite 2018, p. 143.