The Arbeiter-Schutzbund ('Workers Defense Union') was an anti-fascist paramilitary organization in the Free City of Danzig in the early 1930s, being the paramilitary wing of the Social Democratic Party of the Free City of Danzig. The organization had some 4,500 members.[1]
| Arbeiter-Schutzbund | |
|---|---|
| Leader |
|
| Foundation | 15 March 1931 |
| Dates of operation | March 15, 1931–September 10, 1932 |
| Dissolved | 10 September er 1932 |
| Country | Free City of Danzig |
| Allegiance | Social Democratic Party of the Free City of Danzig |
| Motives | Self-defense |
| Ideology | Social democracy |
Foundation
editA branch of the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold had been formed in Danzig in 1924, but it had not been particularly active.[2] Around the time of the 1930 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election, the Social Democratic Party decided to form a new paramilitary force on the basis of the old Reichsbanner unit, to defend themselves from attacks from the National Socialist movement.[2][3][4]
The new Arbeiter-Schutzbund was formally announced on March 15, 1931, with a march through the city and a meeting held at the Markthalle.[5][6] Some 2,000 persons took part in the inaugural rally, where young Social Democrats marched in uniform.[6] The meeting was presided over by Volkstag deputy Eduard Schmidt.[6]
Organization
editThe Arbeiter-Schutzbund was built along the lines of the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold.[7] Its leaders were the teacher Günter Klingenberg and the workers' sport organizer Willi Godau.[7] The Arbeiter-Schutzbund organized physical defense of social democratic election meetings and rallies.[7] The organization pledged to defend the status quo of the Free City.[6] Occasionally the organization attended events outside of the Free City. In 1932 over 1,500 Arbeiter-Schutzbund members attended a Reichsbanner meeting in Stuhm (West Prussia).[7]
Struggle over the Free City
editAs an organization and by numbers, the Arbeiter-Schutzbund was weaker than its National Socialist counterparts (the Sturmabteilung and the Schutzstaffel).[6] It functioned mainly as a defensive organization, and was unable to contain the wave of violence from the National Socialists, although their attacks were often repelled.[6] There were constant harassment and provocations against the Social Democrats.[6] Clashes usually took place between smaller groups of militants, but there were also organized attacks on party offices, bookstores and individuals from either side, and sometimes firearms were used.[2][6] From mid-January to late April 1931 some 80 violent political clashes involving the National Socialists were registered in Danzig, with some 120 people wounded and four killed.[2] Bystanders and police officers were often wounded as well.[2] Confrontations would eventually spread outside Danzig proper to places such as Tiegenhof, Käsemark, Stuhm, Praust, Ober Kahlbude and Meisterswalde.[2]
Bloody Sunday
editFights would usually take place on Sundays.[2] The most emblematic events took place on April 10, 1931 (at the Zur Ostbahn premises in Orunia) and on June 21, 1931 in Rechtstadt.[2] The June 21 clashes were dubbed as 'Bloody Sunday'.[2] The Arbeiter-Schutzbund organized a sporting event, which included a relay race from Oliwa to the stadium in Niederstadt.[2] They formed a protective line along the route to defend the race against attacks and provocations. Still, the event was attacked by the National Socialists, including cadres that had come from East Prussia.[2] There were reports of 16 severe injured and 25 light injuries.[2]
Ober Kahlbude attack
editOn November 15, an SA unit attacked a Social Democratic meeting in the village of Ober Kahlbude.[2] However the attackers were intercepted by a larger contingent of Arbeiter-Schutzbund militants from Orunia, and Horst Hoffmann, 16-year-old SA member, was killed in the clash.[2] Following this, Hoffmann was declared a martyr by the National Socialist movement. Following his death, the Senate of the Free City of Danzig declared the Arbeiter-Schutzbund banned in December 1931.[2][6]
Iron Front
editWhen the Iron Front paramilitary organization to fight against National Socialism was announced on December 16, 1931, the Danzig Social Democrats delayed its implementation in the Free City. Whilst the Reichsbanner Council had called on the Iron Front to be functional across the Weimar Republic by February 21, 1932, it only took shape in the Free City by September 10, 1932.[6]
Symbols
editThe flag of the Arbeiter-Schutzbund was a red banner with a blue canton which had a jagged "S" symbol.[7] The uniform worn by its members consisted of a windbreaker jacket with belt and a blue peaked cap.[7]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Kowalski, Werner (1985). Geschichte der Sozialistischen Arbeiter-Internationale, (1923-1940) (in German). VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften. p. 291.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Daniluk, Jan (2013). SS w Gdańsku: wybrane zagadnienia (in Polish). Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu Oddział w Gdańsku. pp. 44–46, 75–76. ISBN 978-83-7629-398-1.
- ^ Schneider, Hubert (2014). Leben nach dem Überleben: Juden in Bochum nach 1945 (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 215. ISBN 978-3-643-12796-9.
- ^ Kmiecik, Tadeusz (2004). Pomorze w systemie obrony Polski w okresie międzywojennym i po II wojnie światowej (in Polish). Wydawn. Pomorskiej Akademii Pedagogicznej w Słupsku. p. 17. ISBN 978-83-88731-49-5.
- ^ Kurlenda, Piotr (2005). Siły zbrojne--polityka: studia ofiarowane profesorowi Jerzemu Przybylskiemu w siedemdziesiątą rocznicę urodzin (in Polish). Wydawn. Adam Marszałek. p. 120. ISBN 978-83-7441-024-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Andrzejewski, Marek (1980). Socjaldemokratyczna Partia Wolnego Miasta Gdańska: 1920-1936 (in Polish). Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. pp. 136–138. ISBN 978-83-04-00706-2.
- ^ a b c d e f Matull, Wilhelm (1973). Ostdeutschlands Arbeiterbewegung: Abriss ihrer Geschichte, Leistung und Opfer (in German). Holzner Verlag. p. 434.