Arion intermedius is a species of land slug in the family Arionidae, the roundback slugs.[2] It is known commonly as the hedgehog slug,[2][3][4] hedgehog arion,[2] and hedgehog arion slug.[5]
| Arion intermedius | |
|---|---|
| |
| A. intermedius showing characteristically prickley tubercles | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Arionidae |
| Genus: | Arion |
| Species: | A. intermedius
|
| Binomial name | |
| Arion intermedius Normand, 1852
| |
| Synonyms[2] | |
|
Arion verrucosus Brevière, 1881 | |
Distribution
editIt is native to Western Europe and a part of Central Europe. It is native to Czechia where majority of its records come from various types of forests.[6] It is non-native to Slovakia since 2020.[6] It is known as an introduced species in many other regions, including North America, Australia, New Zealand, North Africa, South Africa, and the Pacific Islands.[5]
Description
editThis slug is 1.5 to 2 centimeters long. It is variable in color and patterning, being white, orange, or gray, with or without banding, and it has gray tentacles and a yellow or orange sole. It becomes compact and "nearly bell-shaped" when contracted.[4] The tubercles that texture the dorsal surface of its body taper to sharp, prickle-like points, inspiring the common name hedgehog slug.[4]
Biology
editThis species occurs in natural habitat such as grasslands and forests, and on cultivated or otherwise human-altered land, such as pastures, orchards, and hedges.[5] It feeds on plants and fungi.[7]
For a long time, this hermaphroditic slug was thought to reproduce only by self-fertilization; solitary captive specimens produced offspring and the species had never been observed mating. Genetic analysis provided evidence of crossing and the species is now believed to have a mixed breeding system, with an individual having the ability to fertilize itself or cross-fertilize, exchanging sperm with a mate.[8]
In the wild it has one generation per year (univoltine), with all individuals maturing rather synchronously in autumn.[9] Adults die over winter or early spring.[10][9]
As a pest
editThis is not considered to be a severe pest, but some reports of such problems have been made.[7] While most exotic slugs and snails are often found in altered environments, this species has a greater tendency to invade natural habitat, such as forests. Its ability to self-fertilize allows a single individual to enter new habitat and then reproduce.[11] It is also known as a pest of clover-seeded pastures in New Zealand.[12]
References
edit- ^ Rowson, B. (2017). "Arion intermedius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T171636A1329211. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T171636A1329211.en. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
- ^ a b c d Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O, eds. (2024). "Arion intermedius Normand, 1852". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
- ^ Arion intermedius Normand. Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine CSIRO & Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 2004.
- ^ a b c Arion (Kobeltia) intermedius Normand, 1852 (hedgehog slug). MolluscIreland. National Museums Northern Ireland, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Arion intermedius Hedgehog Arion Slug". NatureServe. 3 March 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
- ^ a b Čejka, Tomáš; Beran, Luboš; Coufal, Radovan; Dvořák, Libor; Hlaváč, Jaroslav Č; Horáčková, Jitka; Horsáková, Veronika; Juřičková, Lucie; Kosová, Tereza; Čačaný, Juraj; Szabóová, Dana (2021-09-16). "Malacological news from the Czech and Slovak Republics in 2020" (PDF). Malacologica Bohemoslovaca. 20: 56–74. doi:10.5817/MaB2021-20-56. ISSN 1336-6939.
- ^ a b Slugs: A Guide to the Invasive and Native Fauna of California. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of California. 2009.
- ^ Jordaens, K.; Van Houte, N.; Helsen, P.; Breugelmans, K.; Jaksons, P.; Backeljau, t. (2013). "Mixed breeding system in the hermaphroditic land slug Arion intermedius (Stylommatophora, Arionidae)". Hereditas. 150 (4–6): 45–52. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.2013.02272.x. hdl:10067/1157380151162165141. PMID 24164457.
- ^ a b Hutchinson, J.M.C.; Reise, H.; Skujienė, G. (2017). "Life cycles and adult sizes of five co-occurring species of Arion slugs". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 83: 88–105. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyw042.
- ^ Bohan, D.A.; Glen, D.M.; Wiltshire, C.W.; Hughes, L. (2000). "Parametric intensity and the spatial arrangement of the terrestrial mollusc herbivores Deroceras reticulatum and Arion intermedius". Journal of Animal Ecology. 69 (6): 1031–1046. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2000.00459.x.
- ^ CáDiz, Francisco J; Gallardo, Carlos S (2007). "Arion intermedius (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): first record of this introduced slug in Chile, with notes on its anatomy and natural history". Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 80 (1): 99–108. doi:10.4067/S0716-078X2007000100008.
- ^ Barker, G. M. (1989). Slug problems in New Zealand pastoral agriculture. Monograph-British Crop Protection Council (41), 59–68.
- Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. Pp 196-219 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
External links
edit- Arion intermedius at Animalbase taxonomy,short description, distribution, biology,status (threats), images
- Arion intermedius images at Encyclopedia of Life