Arkhangelsky is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Aleksei Arkhangelsky (1986-), Russian football player
- Alexander Arhangelskii (1938–), Russian mathematician
- Alexander Arkhangelsky (aircraft designer) (1892–1978), Russian Soviet aircraft designer
- Alexander Arkhangelsky (composer) (1846–1924), Russian composer
- Andrey Arkhangelsky (1879–1940), Russian Soviet geologist
- Sergio Archangelsky (1931-2022), Argentine paleobotanist and palynologist
- Vitaly Arkhangelsky (1975–), Russian shipping and insurance magnate