Aronsson is a Swedish and Icelandic surname, and means son of Aron. Notable people with the surname include:
- Anders Aronsson (1885-?), Swedish politician
- Ivar Aronsson (1928–2017), Swedish rower who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics
- Jan Aronsson (1931–2016), Swedish footballer
- Kerstin-Maria Aronsson (born 1937), Swedish politician
- Lars Aronsson (born 1966), Swedish computer programmer and consultant, founder of Project Runeberg and the wiki susning
- Mats Aronsson (born 1951), former Swedish football player
- Ronja Aronsson (born 1997), Swedish footballer