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Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

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Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr. (/ˈʃlɛsɪndʒər/ SHLESS-in-jər; born Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger; October 15, 1917 – February 28, 2007) was an American historian, social critic, and public intellectual. The son of the influential historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. and a specialist in American history, much of Schlesinger's work explored the history of 20th-century American liberalism. In particular, his work focused on leaders such as Harry S. Truman, Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Robert F. Kennedy. In the 1952 and 1956 presidential campaigns, he was a primary speechwriter and adviser to the Democratic presidential nominee, Adlai Stevenson II.[2] Schlesinger served as special assistant and "court historian"[3] to President Kennedy from 1961 to 1963. He wrote a detailed account of the Kennedy administration, from the 1960 presidential campaign to the president's state funeral, titled A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, which won the 1966 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography.

Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
Schlesinger in 1961
Schlesinger in 1961
BornArthur Bancroft Schlesinger
(1917-10-15)October 15, 1917
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
DiedFebruary 28, 2007(2007-02-28) (aged 89)
New York City, U.S.
OccupationHistorian, writer
Alma materHarvard University (AB)
Peterhouse, Cambridge
Period1939–2007
SubjectPolitics, social issues, history
Literary movementAmerican liberal theory
Notable awardsPulitzer Prize (1946, 1966)
National Humanities Medal (1998)
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1940; div. 1970)​

Alexandra Emmet Allan
​
​
(m. 1971)​
Children5

In 1968, Schlesinger actively supported the presidential campaign of Senator Robert F. Kennedy, which ended with Kennedy's assassination in Los Angeles. Schlesinger wrote a popular biography, Robert Kennedy and His Times, several years later. He later popularized the term "imperial presidency" during the Nixon administration in his 1973 book, The Imperial Presidency.

Early life and career

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Schlesinger was born in Columbus, Ohio, the son of Elizabeth Harriet (née Bancroft) and Arthur M. Schlesinger (1888–1965), who was an influential social historian at Ohio State University and Harvard University, where he directed many PhD dissertations in American history.[4] His paternal grandfather was a Prussian Jew who converted to Protestantism and then married an Austrian Catholic.[5] His mother, a Mayflower descendant, was of German and New England ancestry, as well as a relative of historian George Bancroft, according to family tradition.[6] Schlesinger practiced Unitarianism.[7]

Schlesinger attended the Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire and received his undergraduate degree at the age of 20 from Harvard College, where he graduated summa cum laude in 1938.[8] After spending the 1938–1939 academic year at Peterhouse, Cambridge, as a Henry Fellow, he was appointed to a three-year Junior Fellowship in the Harvard Society of Fellows in the fall of 1939.[9] At the time, Fellows were not allowed to pursue advanced degrees, "a requirement intended to keep them off the standard academic treadmill"; as such, Schlesinger would never earn a doctorate.[8] His fellowship was interrupted by the United States entering World War II. After failing his military medical examination, Schlesinger joined the Office of War Information. From 1943 to 1945, he served as an intelligence analyst in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the precursor to the CIA.[10]

Schlesinger's service in the OSS allowed him time to complete his first Pulitzer Prize–winning book,[11] The Age of Jackson, in 1945.[12] From 1946 to 1954, he was an associate professor at Harvard,[13] becoming a full professor in 1954.[14]

Political activities before 1960

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In 1947, Schlesinger, together with former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt; Minneapolis Mayor and future Senator and Vice President Hubert Humphrey; economist and longtime friend John Kenneth Galbraith; and Protestant theologian Reinhold Niebuhr[15] founded Americans for Democratic Action. Schlesinger acted as the ADA's national chairman from 1953 to 1954.[13]

After President Harry S. Truman announced he would not run for a second full term in the 1952 presidential election, Schlesinger became the primary speechwriter for and an ardent supporter of Governor Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois. In the 1956 election, Schlesinger, along with 30-year-old Robert F. Kennedy, again worked on Stevenson's campaign staff.[13] Schlesinger supported the nomination of Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy as Stevenson's vice-presidential running mate, but at the Democratic National Convention, Kennedy came second in the vice-presidential balloting, losing to Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee.

Schlesinger had known John F. Kennedy since attending Harvard and increasingly socialized with Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline in the 1950s. In 1954, The Boston Post publisher John Fox Jr. planned a series of newspaper pieces labeling several Harvard figures, including Schlesinger, as "reds"; Kennedy intervened in Schlesinger's behalf, which Schlesinger recounted in A Thousand Days.

During the 1960 campaign, Schlesinger supported Kennedy, causing consternation to Stevenson loyalists. Kennedy campaigned actively but Stevenson refused to run unless he was drafted at the convention. After Kennedy won the nomination, Schlesinger helped the campaign as a sometime speechwriter,[13] speaker, and member of the ADA. He also wrote the book Kennedy or Nixon: Does It Make Any Difference? in which he lauded Kennedy's abilities and scorned Vice President Richard M. Nixon as having "no ideas, only methods.... He cares about winning."[16]

Kennedy administration

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After the election, the president-elect offered Schlesinger an ambassadorship and Assistant Secretary of State for Cultural Relations before Robert Kennedy proposed that Schlesinger serve as a "sort of roving reporter and troubleshooter." Schlesinger quickly accepted, and on January 30, 1961, he resigned from Harvard and was appointed Special Assistant to the President. He worked primarily on Latin American affairs and as a speechwriter during his tenure in the White House.

 
Schlesinger watching flight of Alan Shepard's Mercury-Redstone 3 with President Kennedy, Vice President Johnson, Jackie Kennedy, and Admiral Arleigh Burke in the White House Office of the President's Secretary, May 5, 1961

In February 1961, Schlesinger was first told of the "Cuba operation," which would eventually become the Bay of Pigs Invasion. He opposed the plan in a memorandum to the president: "at one stroke you would dissipate all the extraordinary good will which has been rising toward the new Administration through the world. It would fix a malevolent image of the new Administration in the minds of millions."[17] He, however, suggested:

Would it not be possible to induce Castro to take offensive action first? He has already launched expeditions against Panama and against the Dominican Republic. One can conceive a black operation in, say, Haiti which might in time lure Castro into sending a few boatloads of men on to a Haitian beach in what could be portrayed as an effort to overthrow the Haitian regime. If only Castro could be induced to commit an offensive act, then the moral issue would be butted, and the anti-US campaign would be hobbled from the start.[18]

During the Cabinet deliberations, he "shrank into a chair at the far end of the table and listened in silence" as the Joint Chiefs and CIA representatives lobbied the president for an invasion. Along with his friend, Senator William Fulbright, Schlesinger sent several memos to the president opposing the strike;[19] however, during the meetings, he held back his opinion, reluctant to undermine the President's desire for a unanimous decision. Following the overt failure of the invasion, Schlesinger later lamented, "In the months after the Bay of Pigs, I bitterly reproached myself for having kept so silent during those crucial discussions in the cabinet room. ... I can only explain my failure to do more than raise a few timid questions by reporting that one's impulse to blow the whistle on this nonsense was simply undone by the circumstances of the discussion."[20] After the furor died down, Kennedy joked that Schlesinger "wrote me a memorandum that will look pretty good when he gets around to writing his book on my administration. Only he better not publish that memorandum while I'm still alive!"[17] During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Schlesinger was not a member of the executive committee of the National Security Council (EXCOMM) but helped UN Ambassador Adlai Stevenson draft his presentation of the crisis to the UN Security Council.

In October 1962, Schlesinger became afraid of "a tremendous advantage", which "all-out Soviet commitment to cybernetics" would provide the Soviets.[21] Schlesinger further warned that "by 1970 the USSR may have a radically new production technology, involving total enterprises or complexes of industries, managed by closed-loop, feedback control employing self-teaching computers". The cause was a pre-vision of an algorithmic governance of economy by an internet-like computer network authored by Soviet scientists, particularly Alexander Kharkevich.[22][23]

After President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, Schlesinger resigned his position in January 1964. He wrote a memoir/history of the Kennedy administration, A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, which won him his second Pulitzer Prize in 1966.[24]

Later career

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Schlesinger in his NYC office, 1988

Schlesinger returned to teaching in 1966 as the Albert Schweitzer Professor of the Humanities at the CUNY Graduate Center. After his retirement from teaching in 1994, he remained an active member of the Graduate Center community as an emeritus professor until his death.[25]

Later politics

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After his service for the Kennedy administration, he continued to be a Kennedy loyalist for the rest of his life, campaigning for Robert Kennedy's tragic presidential campaign in 1968 and for Senator Edward M. Kennedy in 1980. At the request of Robert Kennedy's widow, Ethel Kennedy, he wrote the biography Robert Kennedy and His Times, which was published in 1978.[26]

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, he criticized Richard Nixon as a candidate and as president.[27][28] His prominent status as a liberal Democrat and outspoken disdain of Nixon led to his placement on the master list of Nixon's political opponents.[29] Ironically, Nixon would become his next-door neighbor in the years following the Watergate scandal.

After retiring from teaching, he remained involved in politics through his books and public speaking tours. Schlesinger was a critic of the Clinton Administration, resisting President Clinton's cooptation of his "Vital Center" concept in an article for Slate in 1997.[30] Schlesinger was also a critic of the 2003 Iraq War, calling it a misadventure. He blamed the media for not covering a reasoned case against the war.[31]

Personal life

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Schlesinger's name at birth was Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger; since his mid-teens, he had instead used the signature Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.[32] He had five children, four from his first marriage to author and artist Marian Cannon Schlesinger and a son and stepson from his second marriage to Alexandra Emmet, also an artist:[33]

  • Stephen Schlesinger (b. 1942), a notable author of books on foreign affairs and former director of the World Policy Institute[34]
  • Katharine Kinderman (1942–2004), an author and producer, who was married to Gibbs Kinderman and later Thomas Tiffany[34]
  • Christina Schlesinger (b. 1946), a prominent artist and muralist[34]
  • Andrew Schlesinger, writer and editor[34]
  • Robert Schlesinger, writer and editor[34]

Career

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Education

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World War II service

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Educator

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Democratic Party activist

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Death

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On February 28, 2007, Schlesinger had a heart attack while dining with family at a steakhouse in Manhattan. He was taken to New York Downtown Hospital, where he died at the age of 89. His New York Times obituary described him as a "historian of power."[8] He is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[35]

Works

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He won a Pulitzer Prize for History in 1946 for his book The Age of Jackson, covering the intellectual environment of Jacksonian democracy.

His 1949 book The Vital Center made a case for the New Deal policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and was harshly critical of both unregulated capitalism and of those liberals such as Henry A. Wallace who advocated coexistence with communism.

In his book The Politics of Hope (1962), Schlesinger terms conservatives the "party of the past" and liberals "the party of hope" and calls for overcoming the division between both parties.[36]

He won a second Pulitzer in the Biography category in 1966 for A Thousand Days.

His 1986 book The Cycles of American History, a collection of essays and articles, contains "The Cycles of American Politics," an early work on the topic; it was influenced by his father's work on cycles.

He became a leading opponent of multiculturalism in the 1980s and articulated this stance in his book The Disuniting of America (1991).

Published posthumously in 2007, Journals 1952–2000 is the 894-page distillation of 6,000 pages of Schlesinger diaries on a wide variety of subjects, edited by Andrew and Stephen Schlesinger.[37]

Selected bibliography

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This is a partial listing of Schlesinger's published works:

Articles

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Books

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Besides writing biographies he also wrote a foreword to a book on Vladimir Putin which came out in 2003 under the same name and was published by Chelsea House Publishers.[39]

Schlesinger's papers will be available at the New York Public Library.[40]

Awards

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See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Roberts, Sam (October 17, 2017). "Marian Cannon Schlesinger, Author and Eyewitness to History, Dies at 105". The New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  2. ^ Martin, John Bartlow (1976), Adlai Stevenson of Illinois: The Life of Adlai E. Stevenson, pp. 630–643
  3. ^ Tanenhaus, Sam (March 4, 2007). "Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. – History, Written in the Present Tense". The New York Times. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
  4. ^ "WOSU Presents Ohioana Authors, Arthur Schlesinger Jr". Ohioana Authors. WOSU. 2006. Archived from the original on September 7, 2006. Retrieved September 5, 2006.
  5. ^ Herman, Arthur (March 2001). "A Life in the Twentieth Century, by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr". Commentary. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  6. ^ Chace, James (December 21, 2000). "The Age of Schlesinger by James Chace". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  7. ^ Jr, Arthur M. Schlesinger (January 1, 1952). "Relations With the Vatican: Why Not?". The Atlantic. ISSN 2151-9463. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  8. ^ a b c Douglas Martin (March 2, 2007). "Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., a Partisan Historian of Power, Is Dead at 89". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008.
  9. ^ "Current and Former Term". Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  10. ^ Schlesinger, Robert (August 20, 2008). "Arthur Schlesinger Jr.'s Not-So-Secret Career as a Spy: My father's OSS records reveal no James Bond, but a World War II career like so many others". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on September 27, 2008. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
  11. ^ "Pulitzer Prizes Awarded; 'State of Union' the Play". The New York Times. May 7, 1946. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  12. ^ "Featured Author: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr". The New York Times. November 26, 2000. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  13. ^ a b c d "Arthur M. Schlesinger Personal Papers | JFK Library". www.jfklibrary.org. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
  14. ^ Bernstein, Adam (December 12, 2018). "Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., author who shaped lens for viewing U.S. history, dies at 89". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  15. ^ Fox, Richard Wightman (1985). Reinhold Niebuhr: A Biography. Pantheon Books.
  16. ^ Greenberg, David (2003). Nixon's shadow: the history of an image – David Greenberg – Google Books. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393048964. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  17. ^ a b A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
  18. ^ "Cuba, 1961–1962". Foreign Relations of the United States 1961–1963. United States Department of State. 1997.
  19. ^ The New York Public Library. "NYPL Acquires Papers of Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr". Nypl.org. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  20. ^ Howard Zinn (1997). The Zinn Reader: Writings on Disobedience and Democracy. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 9781888363548. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
  21. ^ Gerovitch, Slava (April 9, 2015). "How the Computer Got Its Revenge on the Soviet Union". Nautilus. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
  22. ^ "Machine of communism. Why the USSR did not create the Internet". csef.ru (in Russian). Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  23. ^ Kharkevich, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1973). Theory of information. The identification of the images. Selected works in three volumes. Volume 3. Information and technology: Moscow: Publishing House "Nauka", 1973. - Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of information transmission problems. pp. 495–508.
  24. ^ "Pulitzer Drama Prize Omitted; Schlesinger's '1,000 Days' Wins". The New York Times. May 3, 1966. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
  25. ^ "Press Release: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Dies". CUNY Graduate Center. March 1, 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  26. ^ Wills, Gary (November 12, 1978). "Fierce in His Loyalties and Enmities". The New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  27. ^ Jr, Arthur Schlesinger (November 1, 1973). "Dealing With an Out-of-Control President, in 1973". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  28. ^ "The 44th anniversary of Nixon's resignation should remind us to be faithful to the Constitution". August 9, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  29. ^ "Nixon's First Enemies List". www.enemieslist.info. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  30. ^ Arthur Schlesinger Jr. (January 10, 1997). "It's My Vital Center". Slate. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
  31. ^ Arthur Schlesinger Jr. (March 23, 2003). "Good Foreign Policy a Casualty of War; Today, it is we Americans who live in infamy". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
  32. ^ Schlesinger 2000, pp. 6–7 and 57.
  33. ^ "Mrs. Alexandra E. Allan Wed to Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr". The New York Times. July 13, 1971. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009.
  34. ^ a b c d e Sanchez, Theresa (September 30, 2004). "Katharine Kinderman; author, producer had sense of adventure". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
  35. ^ "Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr at Mount Auburn Cemetery Map - Remember My Journey". www.remembermyjourney.com. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  36. ^ "Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans". Writing University of Pennsylvania. August 2, 2004. Archived from the original on March 3, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
  37. ^ Dowd, Maureen (October 7, 2007). "Social Historian". The New York Times. Retrieved October 7, 2007.
  38. ^ McDonald, Larry (1983). Interview by Patrick J. Buchanan and Tom Braden. CNN Crossfire.
  39. ^ Charles J. Shields (2003). Vladimir Putin. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7910-6945-5.
  40. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (November 26, 2007). "New York Public Library Buys Schlesinger Papers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 24, 2014.
  41. ^ "Past winners and finalists by category". The Pulitzer Prizes. Archived from the original on March 3, 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  42. ^ "Arthur Schlesinger". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  43. ^ "National Book Awards – 1966". National Book Foundation. Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  44. ^ "Biography or Autobiography: Past winners and finalists by category". The Pulitzer Prizes. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  45. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  46. ^ "National Book Awards – 1979". National Book Foundation. Archived from the original on June 17, 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  47. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  48. ^ Schwartz, Thomas A. (September 6, 2018). "Richard Aldous. Schlesinger: The Imperial Historian" (PDF). International Security Studies Forum. p. 2. Reinhold Niebuhr was one of the great intellectual influences on Schlesinger, and to the extent that Schlesinger possessed a foreign policy vision, it reflected the cautious realism and greater humility that Niebuhr wanted superpower America to reflect.

Further reading

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  • Aldous, Richard. Schlesinger: The Imperial Historian (W.W. Norton, 2017) online book review
  • Diggins, John Patrick, ed. The Liberal Persuasion: Arthur Schlesinger Jr. and the Challenge of the American Past, Princeton UP, 1997. online free
  • Feller, Daniel, "Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.," in Robert Allen Rutland, ed. Clio's Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945–2000 U of Missouri Press, 2000; pp. 156–169.
  • Martin, John Bartlow. Adlai Stevenson of Illinois. New York: Doubleday. 1976.
  • Thomas Meaney, "The Hagiography Factory" (review of Richard Aldous, Schlesinger: The Imperial Historian, Norton, 486 pp., ISBN 978 0 393 24470 0), London Review of Books, vol. 40, no. 3 (8 February 2018), pp. 13–15. "Aldous has chosen an apt subtitle for his biography: Schlesinger was an 'imperial' historian in his willingness to take up the burden of the American empire's PR, though 'The Imperious Publicist' would have served just as well." (p. 14)
  • Sue Saunders, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum, February 15, 2006.
  • John William Ward 1955. Andrew Jackson, Symbol for an Age. New York: Oxford University Press
  • Wilentz, Sean, "The High Table Liberal" (review of Richard Aldous, Schlesinger: The Imperial Historian, Norton, 486 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXV, no. 2 (8 February 2018), pp. 31–33. "[T]he subtitle of Richard Aldous's otherwise solid biography is... erroneous. Arthur Schlesinger Jr. was in no way an 'imperial' historian; he was an anti-imperial historian." (p. 31)

Primary sources

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  • Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. A Thousand days: John F Kennedy in the White House. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1965.
  • Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. A Life in the Twentieth Century: Innocent Beginnings, 1917–1950. (2000), autobiography, vol 1.
  • Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. Journals: 1952–2000 (2007)
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