Wikipedia

Australian Greens

This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 22 November 2024.
This article is about the federal Greens party. For the state and territory parties, see List of member parties of the Australian Greens.

The Australian Greens (AG), commonly referred to simply as the Greens, are a confederation of green state and territory political parties in Australia.[13] As of the 2022 federal election, the Greens are the third largest political party in Australia by vote and the fourth-largest by elected representation.[citation needed] The leader of the party is Adam Bandt, with Mehreen Faruqi serving as deputy leader. Larissa Waters currently holds the role of Senate leader.[14]

Australian Greens
Abbreviation
LeaderAdam Bandt
Deputy LeaderMehreen Faruqi
Senate LeaderLarissa Waters
Deputy Senate LeaderVacant[3][a]
Founded1992; 32 years ago (1992)
HeadquartersBraddon, Australian Capital Territory[4]
NewspaperGreen Magazine[5]
Think tankThe Green Institute
Youth wingYoung Greens
Membership (2020)Increase 15,000[6]
Ideology
Political positionLeft-wing[11]
Regional affiliationAsia-Pacific Greens
International affiliationGlobal Greens
Colours  Green
SloganA Future for All of Us
Governing bodyNational Council[12]
Party branches
House of Representatives
4 / 151
Senate
11 / 76
State and territorial governments
0 / 8
State and territory lower houses[b]
20 / 465
State and territory upper houses[b]
12 / 155
Party flag
Website
greens.org.au

The ACT Greens were in a coalition government with Labor in the Australian Capital Territory from 2012 to 2024.[15] This represents the only jurisdiction in Australia where the Greens have been a member of government. Following a poor result at the 2024 ACT election the Greens returned to the crossbench citing a sense among many that they had become too close to Labor. [16]

The party was formed in 1992 as a confederation of eight state and territorial parties. In their early years, the party was largely built around the personality of well-known Tasmanian politician Bob Brown, before expanding its representation substantially in the early part of the 21st century. The party cites four core values as its ideology, namely ecological sustainability, social justice, grassroots democracy, and peace and non-violence.[17] The party's origins can be traced to early environmental movement in Australia, the Franklin Dam controversy, the Green bans, and the nuclear disarmament movement. The party began with the United Tasmania Group, one of the first green parties in the world.[18]

Following the 2022 Australian federal election, the Australian Greens had twelve senators and four members in the Australian House of Representatives, and as of 2020 had over 15,000 party members.[6]

History

edit
Main article: History of the Australian Greens

Formation

edit
 
Sydney Greens in the 1980s, the first political party in Australia to use the label Green.

The origins of the Australian Greens can be traced to the early environmental movement in Australia and the formation of the United Tasmania Group, one of the first green parties in the world,[18] but also the nuclear disarmament movement in Western Australia and sections of the industrial left in New South Wales who were inspired by the Builders Labourers Federation Green bans in Sydney.[19] Co-ordination between environmentalist groups occurred in the 1980s with various significant protests. Key people involved in these campaigns included Bob Brown and Christine Milne, who went on to contest and win seats in the Parliament of Tasmania and eventually form the Tasmanian Greens. Both Brown and Milne subsequently became leaders of the federal party.[20][21]

The formation of the federal party in 1992 brought together over a dozen green groups, from state and local organisations, some of which had existed for 20 years.[17] Following the formation of the national party in 1992, regional emphasis variations remained within the Greens, with members of the "industrial left" remaining a presence in the New South Wales branch.[17] Brown resigned from the Tasmanian Parliament in 1993, and in 1996 he was elected as a senator for Tasmania, the first elected as an Australian Greens candidate.[22]

Initially, the most successful Greens group during this period was The Greens (WA), which was still a separate organisation from the Australian Greens at the time. Vallentine was succeeded by Christabel Chamarette in 1992, and she was joined by Dee Margetts in 1993. However, Chamarette was defeated in the 1996 federal election. Margetts lost her seat in the 1998 federal election, leaving Brown as the sole Australian Greens senator.

Bob Brown era 2001–2012

edit

2001–2004

edit
 
Bob Brown lays out the Greens' climate change policies in the lead-up to the 2007 federal election.

In the 2001 federal election, Brown was re-elected as a senator for Tasmania, and a second Greens senator, Kerry Nettle, was elected in New South Wales. The Greens opposed the Howard government's Pacific Solution of offshore processing for asylum seekers, and opposed the bipartisan offers of support to ANZUS and the Afghanistan War by the government and Beazley Opposition in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. The party described the Afghanistan commitment in particular as "warmongering".[23] Brown and Nettle's performance in the Senate increased voter support for the party, as it showcased that the Greens were not deep ecologists nor a single-issue environmentalist organisation, thus granting approval from disaffected Labor voters.[24]

2002 Cunningham by-election

edit

On 19 October 2002, the Greens won a House of Representatives seat for the first time when Michael Organ won the Cunningham by-election. In the 2004 federal election, the Australian Greens fielded candidates in every House of Representatives seat in Australia. The Greens' primary vote rose by 2.3% to 7.2%. This won them two additional Senate seats, taken by Christine Milne in Tasmania and Rachel Siewert in Western Australia, bringing the total to four.

2004–2007

edit

At the 2004 Federal Election, the Greens ran John Kaye as their lead Senate candidate but were unsuccessful due to unfavourable preference flows.

2007–2010

edit

The Greens increased their national vote by 1.38 points to 9.04% at the 2007 federal election, with the election of South Australian senator Sarah Hanson-Young taking the number of Greens senators to five. Senators Bob Brown (Tas) and Kerry Nettle (NSW) were up for re-election, Brown was re-elected, but Nettle was unsuccessful, becoming the only Australian Greens senator to lose their seat despite increasing her vote from 2001.[25][26][27]

In November 2008, Senator Christine Milne was elected deputy leader in a ballot contested against Senator Rachel Siewert.

In 2009, the Greens and the Liberal Party voted to defeat Labor's emission trading scheme legislation after failed negotiations for an emissions cut target.[28]

2010–2012

edit

The 2010 federal election marked a high point for the Greens electorally, with the party receiving its largest vote to date and sharing the balance of power. The Greens received a four percent swing to finish with 13 percent of the vote in the Senate. The Greens won a seat in each of the six states at the election, bringing the party to a total of nine senators from July 2011, holding the balance of power in the Senate. The new senators were Lee Rhiannon in New South Wales, Richard Di Natale in Victoria, Larissa Waters in Queensland, Rachel Siewert in Western Australia, Penny Wright in South Australia and Christine Milne in Tasmania.[29] Incumbents Scott Ludlam in Western Australia, Sarah Hanson-Young in South Australia and Bob Brown in Tasmania were not due for re-election. The Greens also won their first House of Representatives seat at a general election, the seat of Melbourne with candidate Adam Bandt, who was a crossbencher in the first hung parliament since the 1940 federal election.[30] Almost two weeks after the election, the Greens agreed to support a Gillard Labor minority government on confidence and supply votes. Labor was returned to government with the additional support of three independent crossbenchers.[31][32][33]

Prior to the 2010 Federal Election, the Electrical Trades Union's Victorian branch donated $325,000 to the Greens' Victorian campaign – the largest political donation ever directed to the Party up to that time.[34]

The Greens signed a formal agreement with the Australian Labor Party involving consultation in relation to policy and support in the House of Representatives in relation to confidence and supply and three of the independents declared their support for Labor on confidence and supply,[35][36] allowing Gillard and Labor to remain in power with a 76–74 minority government.[37]

On 24 February 2011, in a joint press conference of the "Climate Change Committee" – comprising the Government, Greens and two independent MPs – Prime Minister Gillard announced a plan to legislate for the introduction of a fixed price to be imposed on "carbon pollution" from 1 July 2012[38] The carbon price would be placed for three to five years before a full emissions trading scheme is implemented, under a blueprint agreed by a multi-party parliamentary committee.[39] Key issues remained to be negotiated between the Government and the cross-benches, including compensation arrangements for households and businesses, the carbon price level, the emissions reduction target and whether or not to include fuel in the price.[40]

In April 2012, Bob stepped down as leader of the Australian Greens, and retired from the Senate in June 2012.[41]

Christine Milne era 2012–2015

edit

Christine Milne led the Australian Greens through the remainder of the minority parliament,[42] after being elected unopposed.

2013 Federal Election

edit

At the 2013 federal election, the House of Representatives (lower house) primary vote was 8.7 percent (−3.1) with the Senate (upper house) primary vote at 8.7 percent (−4.5). Despite receiving a decline in votes, the Greens representation in the parliament increased. Adam Bandt retained his Melbourne seat with a primary vote of 42.6 percent (+7.0) and a two-candidate preferred vote of 55.3 percent (−0.6). The Greens won four Senate positions, increasing their Senate representation from nine to ten senators.

2014 Australian Senate Special Election in Western Australia

edit

At the 2014 Australian Senate special election in Western Australia, the Greens won in excess of a quota with the primary vote increasing from 9.5 to 15.6 percent, re-electing Scott Ludlam.[43]

2015

edit

In December 2015, the Greens struck a deal with the Coalition government, passing a law requiring multinational private companies with a turnover over $200 million to disclose their tax arrangements. This law also made it mandatory for multinational companies with a global turnover of $1 billion or more to have to prepare "general purpose" financial statements, which disclose greater tax details than previously occurred in Australia.[44] The following year the Coalition government and the Greens agreed on a permanent 15% tax rate for backpackers, in exchange for a $100 million funding boost to environmental stewardship not-for-profit Landcare.[45]

Christine Milne stepped down from the leadership of the Australian Greens on 6 May 2015.[42]

Richard Di Natale era 2015–2020

edit

Di Natale was elected unopposed as parliamentary leader of the Greens party room on 6 May 2015 following the resignation of Christine Milne from the position.[46]

At the 2016 federal election, the House of Representatives (lower house) primary vote increased to 10.23 percent (+1.58) but decreased in the Senate (upper house), with primary vote at 8.65 percent (−0.58). Adam Bandt was elected to a third term in his Melbourne seat with a primary vote of 43.75 percent (+1.13) and a two-candidate preferred vote of 68.48 percent (+13.21). Despite a campaign focus on winning additional seats in the lower house, The Greens failed to win any lower house contests.

The Greens also lost one Senate position in South Australia, decreasing their Senate representation from ten to nine senators, to a total of ten Green members in the Parliament of Australia. The result was seen as disappointing, and caused internal divisions to flare up, with former Federal Leader Bob Brown calling upon Senator Lee Rhiannon to resign, citing the "need for renewal".[47]

2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis

edit

In 2017, Senators Scott Ludlam and Larissa Waters were forced to resign during 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis after it was found that Ludlam had dual Australian–New Zealand citizenship and Waters had dual citizenship with Canada.[48][49] Subsequently, Adam Bandt and Rachel Siewert were named as temporary co-deputy leaders until the arrival of Ludlam and Waters' replacements in Canberra.[50]

2019 election

edit

At the 2019 federal election, the Australian Greens received a primary vote of 10.4% in the House of Representatives, with a federal swing of +0.2%.[51] The party's highest vote was captured in the Australian Capital Territory (16.8%), followed by Victoria (11.9%), Western Australia (11.6%), Queensland (10.3%), Northern Territory (10.2%), Tasmania (10.1%), South Australia (9.6%) and New South Wales (8.7%). The party retained the federal electorate of Melbourne with Adam Bandt sitting at a 71.8% two-party preferred vote.[52]

In the Senate, the Greens received favourable swings in South Australia (+5.03%), Queensland (+3.12%), the Australian Capital Territory (+1.61%), Western Australia (+1.48%), Tasmania (+1.41%) and New South Wales (+1.32%). Small swings against the Greens in the Senate were observed in only Victoria (−0.25%) and the Northern Territory (−0.54%).[53] All six Greens senators up for re-election retained their seats, including Senators Mehreen Faruqi, Janet Rice, Larissa Waters, Sarah Hanson-Young, Jordon Steele-John and Nick McKim.

Three key seats were targeted by the Greens in Victoria, including Kooyong, Higgins and Macnamara.[54] Prominent barrister Julian Burnside, who stood for Kooyong, came close to unseating treasurer and deputy Liberal leader Josh Frydenberg, falling short by 5.7% in the two-party preferred vote.[55] Greens candidate Jason Ball, for the Division of Higgins, failed to enter the two-party preferred vote, despite optimism within the Greens and a diminishing Liberal vote.[56][57] In Macnamara (formerly Melbourne Ports), a three-way contest emerged between the Liberals, Labor and Greens. Greens candidate Steph Hodgins-May had come within a few hundred votes in 2016 of taking the seat, however, redistributions in the electorate for the 2019 election were unfavourable for the Greens' vote, and the party's final vote sat at 24.2%.[54]

On 3 February 2020, Di Natale resigned as leader of the Greens and announced his intention to resign from the Senate.[58]

Adam Bandt era 2020–present

edit

On 4 February, Adam Bandt was elected unopposed as parliamentary leader of the Australia Greens party room.[59]

2022 election

edit
 
All Greens members in federal parliament following the 2022 election.

The Greens' strategy for the 2022 federal election involved targeting nine key seats, including the previously Labor-held seats of Macnamara, Griffith, Richmond, Wills, and Canberra, and four previously Liberal-held seats of Kooyong, Brisbane, Ryan and Higgins.[60] Bandt claimed that polling suggested a hung parliament was a likely outcome and the Greens would work with Labor to "kick the Liberals out and make the next government go further and faster on climate action, and make billionaires and mining corporations pay their fair share."[60] Antony Green suggested that a redistribution in Victoria by the Australian Electoral Commission would likely increase the Greens' odds of winning the seat of Macnamara.[61]

The party had its best ever result at the election, picking up three seats in inner Brisbane, Elizabeth Watson-Brown in the seat of Ryan,[62] Stephen Bates in the seat of Brisbane,[63] and Max Chandler-Mather in the seat of Griffith,[64] to boost their representation in the House to four MPs, and won a Senate seat in every state to increase to 12 senators with new Senators Barbara Pocock, David Shoebridge and Penny Allman-Payne. This gave them the balance of power. Analysis of vote trends suggested the party succeeded in picking up former votes of both Labor and the Liberal Party.[65] The party were unsuccessful in picking up the seat of Richmond with their high-profile candidate Mandy Nolan.

On 6 February 2023, Victorian Greens senator Lidia Thorpe announced that she would resign from the Greens to become an independent senator, over disagreements concerning the proposed Indigenous Voice to Parliament.[66][67]

In mid-March 2024, the Greens announced they would introduce legislation seeking to break the dominance of the two supermarket giants Woolworths Group and Coles Group by forcing them to sell some of their operations. While the Albanese government did not support the bill, it found support from the centre-right National Party.[68]

Ideology

edit

The Australian Greens are part of the global "green politics" movement. Party Leader Adam Bandt describes The Greens as a social democratic party.[69] The charter of the Australian Greens identifies four main pillars as the party's policy: "social justice", "sustainability", "grassroots democracy" and "peace and non-violence".[70]

Policy positions

edit

Environment and climate change

edit

The party favours environmentalism, including expansion of recycling facilities; phasing out single-use plastics; conservation efforts; and addressing species extinction, habitat loss and deforestation in Australia.[71]

The Greens support the achieving of 100% renewable energy by 2030 through the establishment of a Green New Deal, which entails investment in renewable energy technology and a revitalisation of Australian manufacturing.[72] Manufacturing would be required to produce solar panels, wind turbines and green steel produced from hydrogen. The party supports the creation of a publicly owned renewable energy provider to boost renewable energy and lower household electricity prices.[73][74] To support the transition to clean energy, the party calls for growth in lithium mining.[75] The Greens have also proposed plans to boost jobs and apprenticeships in the construction of public housing units as further economic stimulus as well as to address rising homelessness in Australia.[76]

Finance

edit

The Greens oppose tax cuts that solely benefit the top bracket of income earners and lead to economic inequality.[77] The Greens believe that all essential services need to be adequately funded to suit community needs; and argue for the re-establishment of a publicly owned bank.[78] The party argues for a Corporate Super-Profits Tax on major corporations, the establishment of a wealth tax on billionaires, and an end to multi-national corporation's tax avoidance.[77]

The party advocates a significant improvement of welfare policies. They propose solving housing shortages and homelessness through the creation of affordable social housing. The party also wants to introduce rent caps to limit growth of rental prices. Greens also propose increase in all income support payments to $88 a day, that would make them $1,232 per fortnight. To help students, the party wants to forgive all student debt. The Greens also advocate for free childcare as well as free public transport. Finally Greens propose to increase the minimum wage. [79]

Green politicians have campaigned on free university and technical and further education.[80] The party opposes fee hikes for degrees and funding cuts for universities,[81] and have called for increased funding for public schools.[82] The party also supports the abolition of all student debt.[80]

Health

edit

The party supports universal health care through extending Medicare coverage into dental health care and mental health care.[83] Furthermore, the party supports reproductive health rights and voluntary euthanasia.[84] The Greens support drug law reform, including the legalisation of cannabis; treating drug use as a health issue rather than a criminal issue; and the provision of free drug checking stations at community events and relevant venues.[85] Further information on the Greens cannabis legalisation proposed law can be found at Legalising Cannabis Bill 2023.

Social issues

edit

The Greens are often known for their outspoken advocacy on numerous social issues, such as the legalisation of marriage equality, the right to seek asylum, and gender equality. The Greens also advocate for policies that they believe will strengthen Australian democracy and "clean up politics", including capping political donations and instituting a federal anti-corruption watchdog.[86]

Agriculture

edit

In terms of agricultural policy, the party strongly favours policies to promote animal welfare and climate resilience with farmers. The Greens strongly support reducing soil and water degradation through community-driven decision-making processeses, and supporting farmers experiencing effects of climate change.[87]

Animal welfare

edit

The Greens are in favour of phasing out live animal exports, instead favouring investment in the domestic chilled meat industry.[88][89] The Greens have also campaigned on banning greyhound racing, whaling and animal-tested cosmetics.[71] The party believes in phasing out caged egg production and sow stalls, instead favouring ethical farming practices.[71] The party advocates for the reduction of methane emissions from livestock through research, animal health and nutrition, selection and genetics.[87]

Foreign affairs

edit

On foreign policy, the party says that it wants "Independent, transparent and accountable foreign and defence policies based on mutual respect."[90]

Voting system

edit

The party supports proportional representation in the House of Representatives and local government.[91]

Structure

edit

Parliament

edit

Federal leaders

edit
Main article: Leaders of the Australian Greens
Further information: Australian Greens leadership elections

On Saturday 12 November 2005 at the national conference in Hobart, the Australian Greens abandoned their long-standing tradition of having no official leader and approved a process whereby a parliamentary leader could be elected by the Greens Parliamentary Party Room. On Monday 28 November 2005, Bob Brown – who had long been regarded as de facto leader by many inside the party, and most people outside the party – was elected unopposed as the Parliamentary Party Leader.[92] Each leader has been described to represent a faction within the party, with the political journalist Paddy Manning describing that Christine Milne came from the right wing of the party, while Bandt is the first Greens leader from the left wing of the party.[93]

Parliamentary portfolios

edit
Main article: Australian Greens Front Bench

Greens MPs are each assigned their own portfolios, or specific areas of responsibility. All portfolios are decided by the party and may differ in title from the government's portfolio priorities The Greens have formed a Gun Control portfolio, of which there is no equivalent in the government.[94][95]

Portfolios are divided into five major categories according to the Greens: "an equal society", "world-class essential services", "climate and the environment", "the green economy", and "a confident Australia".[94]

National Council

edit

The Australian Greens is federally organised with separately registered state parties signing up to a national constitution, yet retaining considerable policy-making and organisational autonomy from the centre.[96] The national decision-making body of the Australian Greens is the National Council, consisting of delegates from each member body (a state or territory Greens party), two members of the federal party room, a representative of the Australian Greens First Nations Network (AGFNN, or Blak Greens[97][98]), and the national office bearers including the National Convenor, Secretary and Treasurer. As at May 2020, all seven of the party's office bearer positions are held by women.[99] There is also a Public Officer, a Party Agent and a Registered Officer. The National Council arrives at decisions by consensus. All policies originating from this structure are subject to ratification by the members of the Australian Greens at National Conference.[100]

State and territory parties

edit
Main article: List of member parties of the Australian Greens

The Australian Greens are a federation consisting of eight parties from each state and territory. The various Australian states and territories have different electoral systems, all of which allow the Greens to gain representation. As of 2024, the Greens hold at least one seat in all eight state and territory legislatures.

Five Greens have become ministers at the state/territory level: Nick McKim and Cassy O'Connor in Tasmania, 2010–2014; and in the ACT, Shane Rattenbury since 2012 and Emma Davidson and Rebecca Vassarotti since 2020.

Most of the state-based Green parties which have joined the Australian Greens do not have a formal leader, and instead they have a shared leadership structure.[101] However, Tasmania, Victoria, and the ACT have adopted singular leadership structures into their party.[101]

The current Australian Green member parties are the following:

Party Leader Last state/territory election Status Federal representatives
Lower House Upper House MPs Senators
Year Votes (%) Seats TPP (%) Votes (%) Seats
Greens New South Wales None 2023 9.7
3 / 93
 — 9.1
4 / 42
 Crossbench
0 / 47
2 / 12
Victorian Greens Ellen Sandell 2022 11.5
4 / 88
 — 10.3
4 / 40
 Crossbench
1 / 39
1 / 12
Queensland Greens None 2024 9.9
1 / 93
 — —[c] Crossbench
3 / 30
2 / 12
Greens Western Australia None 2021 6.9
0 / 59
 — 6.4
1 / 36
 Crossbench
0 / 15
2 / 12
Greens South Australia None 2022 9.1
0 / 47
 — 9.0
2 / 22
 Crossbench
0 / 10
2 / 12
Tasmanian Greens Rosalie Woodruff 2024 13.9
5 / 35
 —[d] —[e]
1 / 15
 Crossbench
0 / 5
2 / 12
ACT Greens Shane Rattenbury 2024 12.2
4 / 25
 —[f] —[g] Crossbench
0 / 3
0 / 2
Northern Territory Greens None 2024 8.1
1 / 25
 — —[h] Crossbench
0 / 2
0 / 2

Working groups

edit
 
Australian Young Greens logo.

A variety of working groups have been established by the National Council, which are directly accessible to all Greens members. Working groups perform an advisory function by developing policy, reviewing or developing the party structure, or by performing other tasks assigned by the National Council.[102]

The Australian Young Greens are a federation of Young Greens groups from each Australian state and territory. Together they form the youth wing of the Australian Greens

A national Sexuality and Gender Identity Working Group exists at a federal level,[103] and there are LGBTIQ working groups in some state and territory parties, including: Queer Greens Victoria, Queensland Rainbow Greens, SA Greens Queer Members Action Group, NSW Greens Sex, Sexuality and Gender Identity Working Group.

Support

edit

The Greens generally draw support from younger voters with higher than average educational attainment. The Greens absorbed much of the Australian Democrats' support base following its downfall as the third party in Australia and many of the social and environmental policies and issues that the Democrats advocated for have been taken up by the Greens. Much like the Democrats, the Greens have a higher proportion of supporters who are university educated, under 40, identify as professionals in their field, are small business owners, and earn above the national average wage.[104] Notably, there has also been a steady increase in working-class support for the Greens since the creation of the party.[105]

In 2019, Ian McAllister in an analysis of class voting patterns found that Greens voters are distinguished as being high in cultural capital, such as a university education, but tend to be in asset poverty due to not owning their own home.[106] Political scientist Todd Farrell in an analysis in 2020 found that, unlike other minor parties in the past (such as the Australian Democrats), Greens supporters hold high levels of party identification and consistent durable vote, indicating a political realignment in Australian politics away from the major Labor and Liberal parties.[107]

Federal electoral results

edit

House of Representatives

edit
Election Leader Votes % Seats ± Status
1993 None 196,702 1.83 (#5)
0 / 147
 Extra-parliamentary
1996 188,994 1.74 (#5)
0 / 148
   Extra-parliamentary
1998 238,035 2.14 (#6)
0 / 148
   Extra-parliamentary
2001 569,074 4.96 (#5)
0 / 150
   Extra-parliamentary
2004 841,734 7.19 (#3)
0 / 150
   Extra-parliamentary
2007 Bob Brown 967,789 7.79 (#3)
0 / 150
   Extra-parliamentary
2010 1,458,998 11.76 (#3)
1 / 150
   1 Crossbench support
2013 Christine Milne 1,116,918 8.65 (#3)
1 / 150
   Crossbench
2016 Richard Di Natale 1,385,651 10.23 (#3)
1 / 150
   Crossbench
2019 1,482,923 10.40 (#3)
1 / 151
   Crossbench
2022 Adam Bandt 1,795,985 12.25 (#3)
4 / 151
   3 Crossbench

Senate

edit
Election Leader Votes % Seats won Total seats ± Status
1990 None 201,618 2.0 (#5)
0 / 40
0 / 76
 Extra-parliamentary
1993 263,106 2.5 (#5)
0 / 40
0 / 76
   0 Extra-parliamentary
1996 180,404 1.7 (#5)
0 / 40
0 / 76
   0 Extra-parliamentary
1998 244,165 2.2 (#6)
0 / 40
1 / 76
   0[i] Crossbench
2001 574,543 4.9 (#5)
2 / 40
2 / 76
   1 Crossbench
(Shared balance of power)
2004 916,431 7.7 (#3)
2 / 40
4 / 76
   2 Crossbench
(Shared balance of power)
2007 Bob Brown 1,144,751 9.0 (#3)
3 / 40
5 / 76
   1 Crossbench
(Shared balance of power)
2010 1,667,315 13.1 (#3)
6 / 40
9 / 76
   4 Crossbench
(Sole balance of power)
2013 Christine Milne 1,159,588 8.6 (#3)
4 / 40
10 / 76
   1 Crossbench
(Shared balance of power)
2016 Richard Di Natale 1,197,657 8.7 (#3)
9 / 76
9 / 76
   1 Crossbench
(Shared balance of power)
2019 1,488,427 10.2 (#3)
6 / 40
9 / 76
   Crossbench
(Shared balance of power)
2022 Adam Bandt 1,903,403 12.6 (#3)
6 / 40
12 / 76
   3 Crossbench
(Shared balance of power)

Maps

edit

Current federal parliamentarians

edit
Main article: List of Australian Greens parliamentarians

House of Representatives

edit

Senate

edit

Former

edit

Senators Vallentine, Chamarette and Margetts were all elected as Greens (WA) senators and served their terms before the Greens WA affiliated to the Australian Greens, meaning that they were not considered to be Australian Greens senators at the time.

For current and former state parliamentarians, see the List of Australian Greens parliamentarians.

Other notable members

edit

Donors

edit
See also: Political funding in Australia

For the 2015–2016 financial year, the top ten disclosed donors to the Greens were: Graeme Wood ($500,000), Duncan Turpie ($500,000), Electrical Trades Union of Australia ($320,000), Louise Crossley ($138,000), Anna Hackett ($100,000), Pater Investments ($100,000), Ruth Greble ($35,000), Minax Uriel Ptd Ltd ($39,800) and Chilla Bulbeck ($30,000).[108]

Since 2017, the Australian Greens have implemented real-time disclosure of donations to them of over $1,000, in an effort to "clean up politics".[86]

See also

edit

Footnotes

edit
  1. ^ The role of Deputy Senate Leader has been vacant since Lidia Thorpe's resignation from the position in October 2022.
  2. ^ a b Any state or territory legislatures
  3. ^ Queensland has maintained a unicameral legislature since 1922.
  4. ^ Tasmania uses a semi-proportional system and thus TPP is not calculated.
  5. ^ Tasmania elects legislative council representatives on a periodic basis, with elections held almost every year.
  6. ^ The ACT uses a semi-proportional system and thus TPP is not calculated.
  7. ^ The ACT has a unicameral parliament.
  8. ^ The Northern Territory has a unicameral parliament.
  9. ^ Bob Brown was elected to the senate in 1996 as a representative of the Tasmanian Greens. By the time of the 1998 election (where he was not up for re-election), the Tasmanian Greens had affiliated with the national organisation.

References

edit
  1. ^ "FROM THE INTERNATIONAL CO-SECRETARIES: DAVID FEITH & ANDREW MORRISON". Australian Greens. 2021. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2024. In 2021 the role of the Australian Greens (AG)
  2. ^ Green, Antony (2022). "Melbourne – Federal Election 2022". ABC News. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2024. GRN RETAIN
  3. ^ "Deputy Leader of the Australian Greens in the Senate". directory.gov.au. 24 October 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  4. ^ "White Pages – Search for an Australian Business, Government Department or Person". Whitepages.com.au. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  5. ^ "Previous editions | Australian Greens". greens.org.au.
  6. ^ a b Harris, Rob (22 April 2020). "Old Greens wounds reopen as members vote on directly electing leader". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  7. ^ Jackson, Stewart (2016). The Australian Greens : from activism to Australia's third party. Melbourne University Press. ISBN 9780522867947.
  8. ^ Chou, Mark; Busbridge, Rachel (3 July 2019). "Culture Wars, Local Government, and the Australia Day Controversy: Insights from Urban Politics Research". Urban Policy and Research. 37 (3): 372. doi:10.1080/08111146.2019.1631786. ISSN 0811-1146. S2CID 198670122.
  9. ^ Gherghina, Sergiu; Mișcoiu, Sergiu; Sorina, Soare (2013). Contemporary populism: a controversial concept and its diverse forms. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-4438-4997-5. OCLC 857064665.
  10. ^ Manning, Paddy (19 August 2019). Inside the Greens: the Origins and Future of the Party, the People and the Politics. Collingwood, Melbourne: Schwartz Publishing. p. 411. ISBN 9781863959520.
  11. ^ [9][10]
  12. ^ "The Charter and Constitution of the Australian Greens" (PDF). greens.org.au. Australian Greens. November 2020. p. 10.
  13. ^ McCann, Joy. "Balancing act: the Australian Greens 2008–2011". Australian Parliamentary Library. The Australian Greens is not a single national party, but rather comprises a confederation of eight autonomous state and territory parties that subscribe to a common philosophy and set of principles outlined in the Australian Greens Charter and National Constitution.
  14. ^ "I thank my colleagues for their strong and continued support. After our best election result ever, I am very excited to be the Leader of an expanded Greens Party Room & leadership team as we fight for action on climate and inequality". Twitter. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  15. ^ "Greens In Government | ACT Greens". The ACT Greens. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  16. ^ Bell, Patrick. "After an internal tussle, the ACT Greens decide to step away from a coalition government with Labor". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 7 November 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  17. ^ a b c "The Australian Greens Party". The Monthly. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  18. ^ a b "About Us". Global Greens. 20 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  19. ^ Greenland, Hall (27 November 2019). "Inconvenient truths about the Greens". Green Left. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  20. ^ "Green Politics". University of Tasmania. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  21. ^ "Former Senator Christine Milne". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  22. ^ "Robert James (Bob) Brown". Members of the Parliament of Tasmania. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  23. ^ Steve Letts PM explains Australian involvement in Afghan war Archived 19 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. ABC Lateline, 25 October 2001. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  24. ^ Rundle, Guy (16 April 2012). "Greens will survive the Brown-out". Crikey. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  25. ^ "2001 New South Wales Senate preference flows: Psephos". Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  26. ^ Double dissolution is an empty threat. The Age. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  27. ^ PM – Election reaches endgame. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  28. ^ "Andrew Robb arrived back to Parliament from sick leave, intent on an act of treachery". www.abc.net.au. 23 November 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  29. ^ "2010 election Senate seats". ABC. 29 July 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  30. ^ "Record result for Greens in Australian poll: Yahoo/AFP 22 August 2010".
  31. ^ Emma Rodgers: Greens sign deal to back Labor, ABC News, 1 September 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  32. ^ "Greens and labor commit to agreement for stable government". The Australian Greens. 1 September 2010. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  33. ^ Emma Rodgers (1 September 2010). "Greens, Labor seal deal". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 3 September 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  34. ^ Schneiders, Ben (18 August 2010). "Union bankrolls Greens". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  35. ^ Grattan, Michelle (3 September 2010). "Abbott's Costings Blow Out | Wilkie Sides With Labor: SMH 3 September 2010". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  36. ^ 'Labor day: Gillard retains grip on power' – ABC – Emma Rodgers (7 September 2010) – . Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  37. ^ Rodgers, Emma (7 September 2010). "Labor clings to power". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  38. ^ Packham, Ben; Massola, James (24 February 2011). "Australia to have carbon price from July 1, 2012, Julia Gillard announces". The Australian.
  39. ^ Carbon price to begin from July 2012: Midday roundup Smartcompany.com. 24 February 2011. Archived 16 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  40. ^ Maher, Sid (25 February 2011). "PM ready for fight on carbon tax as Abbott vows 'people's revolt'". The Australian.
  41. ^ "Bob Brown". Tasmanian Greens. 25 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  42. ^ a b "Christine Milne". Tasmanian Greens. 25 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  43. ^ "Ludlam denies leadership ambitions". News. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  44. ^ Susan McDonald & Chris Uhlmann (3 December 2015). "Coalition and Greens strike deal on multinational tax avoidance". ABC News.
  45. ^ "Backpacker tax passes Senate with Greens support". ABC News. 2 December 2016.
  46. ^ Norman, Jane (6 May 2015). "Australian Greens: Richard Di Natale elected new leader after Christine Milne resignation". ABC News. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  47. ^ "Bob Brown calls on Senator Lee Rhiannon to stand down". ABC News. 29 July 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  48. ^ "Greens senator Scott Ludlam resigns over failure to renounce dual citizenship". ABC News. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  49. ^ "Larissa Waters, deputy Greens leader, quits in latest citizenship bungle". ABC News. 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  50. ^ "Richard Di Natale's monthus horribilis: where to now for the Greens?". Smh.com.au. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  51. ^ "Party Totals". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  52. ^ "Federal Election 2019 Results". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  53. ^ "Senate Results". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  54. ^ a b Towell, Noel (8 April 2019). "Greens swing campaign from hipster north for yuppie south". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  55. ^ Murphy, Katharine (12 May 2019). "Greens within striking distance in Josh Frydenberg's seat of Kooyong, poll finds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  56. ^ Flanagan, Martin (5 September 2018). "Jason Ball scored an LGBT goal in football – now his sights are set on politics". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  57. ^ Shields, Bevan (11 May 2019). "'The mood has turned': Prized seat of Higgins on a knife-edge as Liberal vote heads south". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 July 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  58. ^ Worthington, Brett (3 February 2020). "Richard Di Natale resigns as Greens leader and plans to quit federal politics". ABC News. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  59. ^ Dalzell, Stephanie (4 February 2020). "Adam Bandt elected unopposed as federal Greens leader; Larissa Waters and Nick McKim as deputies". ABC News. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  60. ^ a b Crowe, David (21 March 2021). "Greens to ask Australians to embrace hung Parliament". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  61. ^ "2021 Federal Redistribution – Draft Boundaries for Victoria – Antony Green's Election Blog". Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  62. ^ "'Planet Greensland': Greens win in Ryan shakes up Queensland's electoral map". ABC News. 21 May 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  63. ^ "'It's very surreal': Greens win third seat in Brisbane". ABC News. 28 May 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  64. ^ "Grassroots Greens win the battle of Brisbane". Australian Financial Review. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  65. ^ Elias Clure (1 July 2022). "Greens federal election success saw votes from Liberal, as well as Labor, voters". ABC News.
  66. ^ Kolovos, Benita; Karp, Paul (6 February 2023). "Senator Lidia Thorpe quits Greens party to pursue black sovereignty". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  67. ^ "Indigenous Voice to parliament updates LIVE: Lidia Thorpe quits Greens over Voice division". Australian Financial Review. 5 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  68. ^ Evans, Jake (19 March 2024). "Greens push for powers to break up Coles and Woolworths 'duopoly'". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 21 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  69. ^ Douglas, Carly (2 August 2022). "Adam Bandt makes bold statement about Greens".
  70. ^ "Our Story | Australian Greens". Greens.org.au. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  71. ^ a b c "Protecting our environment". The Australian Greens. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  72. ^ "Green New Deal 2020". Australian Greens. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  73. ^ "Renewable Economy & Climate Change". The Australian Greens. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  74. ^ "Greens announce energy savings plan for small businesses". Adam Bandt. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  75. ^ "Bandt calls for growth in 'renewables mining' with a Green New Deal". adam-bandt.greensmps.org.au. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  76. ^ "Greens launch plan for mass housing construction to stave off recession". adam-bandt.greensmps.org.au. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  77. ^ a b "Tax the Billionaires". Australian Greens. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  78. ^ "Paying for our plans". The Australian Greens. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  79. ^ "The cost of living is out of control | Australian Greens". greens.org.au.
  80. ^ a b "Education". Australian Greens. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  81. ^ "Greens condemn university fee overhaul". ABC Radio. 31 August 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  82. ^ "There are schools that need more money. They're called public schools". adam-bandt.greensmps.org.au. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  83. ^ "Free Healthcare for All". Australian Greens. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  84. ^ Massola, James (25 November 2017). "Greens' Richard Di Natale wants national voluntary euthanasia laws". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  85. ^ "Drugs, Substance Use and Addiction". The Australian Greens. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  86. ^ a b "Clean up politics". greens.org.au. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  87. ^ a b "Agriculture". The Australian Greens. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  88. ^ "The Greens on: Live Exports" (PDF). Australian Greens. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  89. ^ "End Live Exports". The Australian Greens. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  90. ^ "International relations". The Australian Greens. 19 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  91. ^ "Constitutional Reform and Democracy". greens.org.au. Australian Greens. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  92. ^ "Greens firm up party structure". ABC News. 29 November 2005.
  93. ^ "Adam Bandt, the personable hardliner". The Monthly. 1 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  94. ^ a b "Portfolios | GreensMPs". greensmps.org.au. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  95. ^ "Portfolios". www.directory.gov.au. Government Online Directory. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  96. ^ Turnbull, N; Vromen, A. "Election 2004: Where do the Greens fit in Election 2004?", Australian Review of Public Affairs, 17 September 2004.
  97. ^ Puglisi, Leonardo (28 September 2023). "Greens First Nations Network calls on party members to vote No or abstain in Voice referendum". 6 News Australia. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  98. ^ "Home". Australian Greens First Nations Network. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  99. ^ "Doing politics differently". Australian Greens. 29 May 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  100. ^ "Organisational Framework of the Australian Greens Archived 18 August 2004 at the Wayback Machine", Sandgate Branch of the Queensland Greens.
  101. ^ a b Cunningham, Christine; Jackson, Stewart (13 March 2014). "Leadership and the Australian Greens". Leadership. 10 (4): 496–511. doi:10.1177/1742715013498407. S2CID 144393361.
  102. ^ "The Charter and Constitution of the Australian Greens" (PDF). Australian Greens. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  103. ^ "Global LGBT+ Network to launch". Green Magazine. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  104. ^ Bennett, Scott (22 November 2008). "The rise of the Australian Greens". APH. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  105. ^ Cameron, Sarah; McAllister, Ian (2019). "The 2019 Australian Federal Election: Results from the Australian Election Study" (PDF). Australian Elections Study. Australian National University.
  106. ^ McAllister, Ian; Makkai, Toni (September 2019). "The decline and rise of class voting? From occupation to culture in Australia". Journal of Sociology. 55 (3): 426–445. doi:10.1177/1440783318805155. S2CID 149767642.
  107. ^ Farrell, Todd (2020). The Australian Greens: Realignment Revisited in Australia (PDF) (PhD). Swineburn University.
  108. ^ "Who did the political parties receive donations from? Search the full dataset". www.abc.net.au. 1 February 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2021.

Further reading

edit
  • Lohrey, Amanda (November 2002). Groundswell: The rise of the Greens. Quarterly Essay.
  • Bennett, Scott (September 2008). "The rise of the Australian Greens". Australia: Department of Parliamentary Services.
  • Manning, Paddy (2019). Inside the Greens : the Origins and Future of the Party, the People and the Politics. Schwartz Publishing Pty, Limited. ISBN 978-1743821190.
  • Jackson, Stewart (2018). The Australian Greens : from activism to Australia's third party. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 978-0522869521.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian Greens.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Greens&oldid=1258875466"