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Australian scrub python

Not to be confused with Amethystine python.

The Australian scrub python (Simalia kinghorni), also known commonly as Kinghorn's python and simply as the scrub python is a species of snake in the family Pythonidae. The species is indigenous to forests of northern Australia. It is one of the world's longest and largest snakes, and is the longest and largest in Australia. In 2014 it was reclassified to the genus Simalia alongside a few other former Morelia species, but scientific debate over this continues.

Simalia kinghorni
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Pythonidae
Genus: Simalia
Species:
S. kinghorni
Binomial name
Simalia kinghorni
(Stull, 1933)
Synonyms[1]
  • Liasis amethistinus kinghorni
    Stull, 1933
  • Australiasis kinghorni
    — Wells & Wellington, 1984
  • Morelia kinghorni
    — Harvey et al., 2000
  • Simalia kinghorni
    — Reynolds et al., 2014
Releasing a scrub python back to the wild, near Cooktown. 1999

Taxonomy

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American herpetologist Olive Griffith Stull described this taxon as Liasis amethistinus kinghorni in 1933 from a specimen at the Museum of Comparative Zoology which had been collected at Lake Barrine in north Queensland, classifying it as a subspecies of the amethystine python based on its larger number of scales.[2] The specific name, kinghorni, is in honour of Australian herpetologist and ornithologist James Roy Kinghorn.[3] It was first raised to species status by Wells and Wellington in 1984, and given the name Australiasis kinghorni. American biologist Michael Harvey and colleagues investigated the amethystine python complex and confirmed its classification as a separate species based on cladistic analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences and morphology.[4] In 2014 cladistic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genes of pythons and boas, R. Graham Reynolds and colleagues concluded that the support for its distinctness was weak.[5]

Description

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The Australian scrub python is commonly considered arboreal or tree-dwelling,[citation needed] making it one of the world's largest and longest arboreal species of snakes.[citation needed] This snake has an ornate dorsal pattern consisting of browns and tans, with many different natural variations, and an iridescent sheen.[6] Its belly is usually white, sometimes with some yellows.[citation needed] The top of the head is covered with large symmetrical shields, and there are heat-sensing pits on the rostral and some labials.[6]

Size

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S. kinghorni exhibits an unusual sexual dimorphism among pythons. Males are usually a third longer and twice as heavy. Females reach sexual maturity with a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of about 2.27 m (7.4 ft) while males reach sexual maturity with an SVL of 1.34 m (4.4 ft).[7] On the Tully River, a river about 140 km south of Cairns, 24 adult females were measured. They had an average SVL of 2.68 m (8.8 ft) and a mass of 3.4 kg (7.5 lb). In the same place, 80 adult males had an average SVL of 2.91 m (9.5 ft) and a weight of 5.1 kg (11 lb). Of these, the largest male had an SVL of 3.76 m (12.3 ft) and a weight of 11 kg (24 lb).[8] In the past, data on the lengths of individuals longer than 6 meters were repeatedly mentioned in the literature, and all of them today can no longer be verified and cause serious doubts, in particular, in Fearn & Sambono (2000). The most extreme information comes from Worell, who reported in 1954 second-hand about an animal allegedly 8.5 m (28 ft) long from Greenhill in Cairns,[4] described it as 7.6 m (25 ft) in 1958 and repeatedly mentioned the same thing in 1963 under the first length. He leaves open the question of whether the reported length refers to a corpse or to skin stretched more than 3 m (9.8 ft). Dean also describes an extremely large specimen from Barron Falls in 1954 with a total length of 7.2 m (24 ft), which, however, consisted of an artificially stretched frame that decomposed in the tropics for more than two days, though it was considered reliable by the staff of the Guinness Book of World Records.[9] The largest female Australian scrub python seriously measured to date was caught in Palm Cove near Cairns in 2000, had a total length (including tail) of 5.65 m (18.5 ft), a head length of 12 cm (4.7 in), a tail length of 75 cm (30 in), a circumference at midbody of 36 cm (14 in), and a weight of 24 kg (53 lb).[10][11] The largest male seriously measured to date was discovered in Kuranda in 2002. Its length was 5.33 m (17.5 ft), of which the length of the head was 11 cm (4.3 in), the incomplete tail was 60 cm (24 in), and the weight was 19 kg (42 lb).[11][12] However, heavier individuals have been measured, some weighing more than 27 kg (60 lb) with a length of more than 5 m (16 ft).[13][14][15]

Distribution and habitat

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Distribution of S. kinghorni: range shown as dark green region

S. kinghorni in mostly is found in Northern Australia, in Queensland and Cape York Peninsula. The species also occurs in several Islands of Torres Strait (e.g. Hinchinbrook). On the mainland, its range extends from the tip of the Cape York Peninsula south along the coastal rainforest through the Atherton Tableland, the forested eastern foothills of the Great Dividing Range, along the coast through Mount Speck to the Burdekin River south of Townsville.[16] In 2004, an even more southern population was described in the Conway rainforest, south of Airlie Beach.[17] Accurate information about the population size and possible connections with more northern populations is not yet available. However, it is assumed that it was installed in 1990 by adult animals that escaped from the local zoo, and has been successfully distributed since then living within various forests and more densely vegetated parts of the Australian bush.[16]

Diet

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Scrub python swallows small wallaby near Daintree National Park, Australia

S. kinghorni is one of the largest land predators in Australia, and depending on the habitat, age and size, the prey range can vary from small mammals, birds and reptiles to wallabies. The basis of the diet consists of birds and mammals.[8] Among them, for example, rainbow bee-eaters (Merops ornatus),[4] bush rats (Rattus fuscipes),[8] northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus),[18] spectacled flying fox (Pteropus conspicillatus), northern brown bandicoots (Isoodon macrourus),[8] long-nosed bandicoots (Perameles nasuta) and striped possums (Dactylopsila trivirgata). In addition, on the outskirts of settlements, the species repeatedly feeds on domestic poultry.[19] Relatively often there is also predation of pythons on small wallaby species[20][21][22][23][24] in particular agile wallabies (Notamacropus agilis), red-legged pademelons (Thylogale stigmatica) and Bennett's tree-kangaroos (Dendrolagus bennettianus). One of the largest animal victims documented to date was a 10 kg (22 lb) adult mobile wallaby, which was swallowed by a female python 4.33 m (14.2 ft) long and weighing 13.5 kg (30 lb).[25]

In captivity

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The Australian scrub python is somewhat rare in the pet trade outside of Australia.[citation needed] However, with captive breeding projects and hobbyists interested in the species, it is becoming more available, with its New Guinea counterparts being much more available (especially in the United States).[citation needed]

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  •  
    A 3.2-m-long, intact Australian scrub python skin in Australia: The snake that shed this skin would be significantly shorter than 3.2 m, as the snake's skin is folded on top of and below each scale. This causes a shed skin to be almost twice as long as the snake that shed it.
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    S. kinghorni from the Bronx Zoo in New York City
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    Wild S. kinghorni, North Queensland
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    Australian scrub python near Cooktown, Queensland, Australia, 2014
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    Australian scrub python visiting a kitchen at a home near Cooktown, Queensland, Australia, 2014

References

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  1. ^ Species Simalia kinghorni at The Reptile Database
  2. ^ Stull, Olive Griffith (1933). "Two new subspecies of the family Boidae" (PDF). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan (267): 1–4.
  3. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Morelia kinghorni, p. 141).
  4. ^ a b c Harvey, Michael B.; Barker, David G.; Ammerman, Loren K.; Chippindale, Paul T. (2000). "Systematics of Pythons of the Morelia amethistina Complex (Serpentes: Boidae) with the Description of three new Species". Herpetological Monographs. 14: 139–185. doi:10.2307/1467047. JSTOR 1467047.
  5. ^ Reynolds, R. Graham; Niemiller, Matthew L.; Revell, Liam J. (2014). "Toward a tree-of-life for the boas and pythons: multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 71: 201–213. Bibcode:2014MolPE..71..201G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011. PMID 24315866.
  6. ^ a b Wilson S, Swan G (2023). A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Sixth Edition. Sydney: Reed New Holland Publishers. 688 pp. ISBN 978-1-92554-671-2. (Simalia kinghorni, pp. 556–557).
  7. ^ Freeman A, Bruce C (2007) "The Things You Find on the Road: Roadkill and Incidental Data as an Indicator of Habitat Use in Two Species of Tropical Pythons". pp. 153–165. In: Henderson RW, Powell R (editors) (2007). Biology of the Boas and Pythons. Eagle Mountain, Utah: Eagle Mountain Publishing Company. 438 pp. ISBN 978-0-9720154-3-1
  8. ^ a b c d Fearn, S.; Schwarzkopf, L.; Shine R. "Giant snakes in tropical forests: a field study of Australian scrub pythons" (PDF). CSIRO Publishing / Wildlife Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
  9. ^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  10. ^ S. L. Fearn; J. Sambono (2000). "A reliable size record for the Scrub Python Morelia amethistina (Serpentes: Pythonidae) in north east Queensland". Herpetofauna. 30: 2–6. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  11. ^ a b Scanlon, John D. (2014). Giant terrestrial reptilian carnivores of Cenozoic Australia. CSIRO Publishing. (Chapter 3).
  12. ^ Fearn SL (2002). "Notes on a maximal sized Scrub Python Morelia amethistina (Serpentes: Pythonidae) from Kuranda, North East Queensland". Herpetofauna 32: 2–3.
  13. ^ "Two monster scrub pythons caught in Speewah near Cairns in two days". Cairnssnakecatcher.com.au. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  14. ^ "5.5m Scrub Python in Speewah". Cairnssnakecatcher.com.au. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  15. ^ "Big Scrub Python – Machans Beach". Cairnssnakecatcher.com.au. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  16. ^ a b Fearn SL, Trembath D (2006). "Southern distribution limits and a traslocated population of scrub python Morelia kinghorni (Serpentes: Pythonidae) in tropical Queensland". Herpetofauna 36 (2): 85–87.
  17. ^ Augusteyn J (2004). "Southerly range extension for the amethystine python Morelia kinghorni (Squamata: Boidae) in Queensland". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 49 (2): 602. online, pdf
  18. ^ Fearn SL, Sambono J (2000). "Some ambush predation postures of the Scrub Python Morelia amethistina (Serpentes: Pythonidae) in north east Queensland". Herpetofauna 30: 39–44.
  19. ^ Martin RW (1995). "Field Observation of Predation on Bennett's Treekangaroo (Dendrolagus bennettianus) by an Amethystine Python (Morelia amethistina)". Herpetological Review 26 (2): 74–76.
  20. ^ "Snake eats wallaby on Australian golf course". Bbc.com. 13 December 2016. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  21. ^ "Snake filmed eating snake in Ipswich". Brisbanetimes.com.au. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  22. ^ Huge Python Caught Devouring Whole Wallaby. Caters Clips. 12 February 2019. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  23. ^ "Giant python devours wallaby in Australia, shocking photos show". Foxnews.com. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  24. ^ "This video of a 17-foot python swallowing a whole kangaroo is weirdly mesmerising". Businessinsider.com. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  25. ^ Fearn S (2002). "Morelia amethistina (Scrub Python). Diet". Herpetological Review 33 (1): 58–59.

Further reading

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  • Cogger HG (2018). Reptiles & Amphibians of Australia, Updated Seventh Edition. Clayton South, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. xxxii + 1,060 pp. ISBN 978-1486309696.
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