Wikipedia

List of autoimmune diseases

(Redirected from Autoimmune skin diseases)

This article provides a list of autoimmune diseases. These conditions, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, affect a range of organs and systems within the body. Each disorder is listed with the primary organ or body part that it affects and the associated autoantibodies that are typically found in people diagnosed with the condition. Each disorder is also categorized by its acceptance as an autoimmune condition into four levels: confirmed, probable, possible, and uncertain. This classification is based on the current scientific consensus and reflects the level of evidence supporting the autoimmune nature of the disorder. Lastly, the prevalence rate, specifically in the United States, is included to give a sense of how common each disorder is within the population.

  • Confirmed - Used for conditions that have strong, well-established evidence of autoimmune etiology.
  • Probable - Used for conditions where there is substantial evidence of autoimmune involvement, but the scientific consensus may not be as strong as for those in the 'confirmed' category.
  • Possible - Used for conditions that have some evidence pointing towards autoimmune involvement, but it's not yet clear or there is ongoing debate.
  • Uncertain - Used for conditions where the evidence of autoimmune involvement is limited or contested.
Dermatosis in Crohn's disease
Demyelination in MS
PAS stain of lupus nephritis
Autoimmune urticaria
Proptosis in Graves' disease

Integumentary system

edit

The integumentary system, composed of the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands, serves as a protective barrier between the body and the environment. It also plays a critical role in regulating body temperature and maintaining fluid balance.

Disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Alopecia areata Hair follicles None specific Confirmed 2.1% [1][2]
Autoimmune angioedema Skin C1 inhibitor Probable Less than 5,000 [3]
Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis Skin Progesterone Probable Extremely rare [4]
Autoimmune urticaria Skin IgG against IgE or IgE receptor Probable Not well established [5][6]
Bullous pemphigoid Skin Anti-BP180, Anti-BP230 Confirmed 6-30 per 100,000 (mostly older adults) [7]
Cicatricial pemphigoid Mucous membranes, sometimes skin Anti-BP180, Anti-BP230 Confirmed Rare [8]
Dermatitis herpetiformis Skin Anti-tissue transglutaminase Confirmed 10 per 100,000 [9]
Dermatomyositis Skin and muscles Anti-Jo1, Anti-Mi2, Anti-SRP, Anti-TIF1 Confirmed 9 in 1,000,000 [10]
Discoid lupus erythematosus Skin ANA, Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Sm Confirmed Part of SLE prevalence (20-150 per 100,000) [11]
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita Skin Anti-type VII collagen Confirmed Extremely rare [12]
Erythema nodosum Skin None specific Possible Not well established [13]
Gestational pemphigoid Skin Anti-BP180, Anti-BP230 Confirmed Rare [14]
Hidradenitis suppurativa Skin None specific Uncertain 1-4% [15]
Lichen planus Skin, mucous membranes None specific Probable 1% [16]
Lichen sclerosus Skin None specific Probable Rare [17]
Linear IgA disease Skin Anti-epidermal basement membrane IgA Confirmed Extremely rare [18]
Morphea Skin None specific Probable Not well established [19]
Psoriasis Skin Various, not specific Confirmed 2-3% [20]
Pemphigus vulgaris Skin and mucous membranes Anti-desmoglein 3, Anti-desmoglein 1 Confirmed 1-5 per 100,000 [21]
Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) Skin, organs ANA, anti-Scl-70, anti-centromere Confirmed 240 per 1,000,000 [22]
Vitiligo Skin Various, not specific Confirmed 1% [23]

Digestive system

edit
Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Autoimmune enteropathy Small intestine Anti-enterocyte antibodies Probable Rare [24]
Autoimmune hepatitis Liver ANA, ASMA, anti-LKM1 Confirmed 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 50,000 [25]
Celiac disease Small intestine Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTG), Endomysial antibody (EMA), Deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) Confirmed 1 in 100 [26]
Crohn's disease Digestive tract ASCA, Anti-OmpC, Anti-CBir1, ANCA Probable 201 per 100,000 adults [27]
Pernicious anemia Stomach Anti-IF, Anti-parietal cell Confirmed 0.1% [28]
Ulcerative colitis Colon and rectum pANCA, ASCA Probable 249 per 100,000 adults [29]

Heart and vascular system

edit
Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Rheumatic heart disease Heart valves Anti-streptolysin O (ASO), anti-DNase B Confirmed Declining due to improved treatment of strep throat [30]
Kawasaki disease Coronary arteries Unknown Probable 20 per 100,000 children under age 5 [31]
Giant cell arteritis Large and medium arteries, can affect coronary arteries None specific Confirmed 200 per 100,000 (over age 50) [32][33]
Takayasu's arteritis Large arteries, including the aorta None specific Confirmed Rare, more common in East Asia [33][34]
Behçet's disease Small to large vessels in mouth, genitals, eyes, skin None specific Probable [35]
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) Small to medium vessels in respiratory tract, skin, heart, kidneys, nerves ANCA Confirmed [36]
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) Small to medium vessels in respiratory tract, kidneys c-ANCA/PR3-ANCA Confirmed [36]
IgA vasculitis (IgAV) Small vessels in skin, joints, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract IgA immune complexes Probable [37]
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis Small vessels in skin Various immune complexes Probable [38]
Lupus vasculitis Small to medium vessels in multiple organs ANA, anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith, others Confirmed [39]
Rheumatoid vasculitis Small to medium vessels in skin, nerves, eyes, heart Rheumatoid factor, ACPA Probable [40]
Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) Small vessels in kidneys, lungs, nerves, skin p-ANCA/MPO-ANCA Confirmed [41]
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) Medium to small vessels in kidneys, skin, muscles, joints, nerves None specific Probable [42]
Polymyalgia rheumatica Large to medium vessels in shoulders, hips None specific Possible [43]
Urticarial vasculitis Small vessels in skin C1q antibodies Probable [44]
Vasculitis All vessel sizes in multiple organs Depends on specific type Uncertain [45]

Urinary system

edit
Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Goodpasture syndrome Kidneys, lungs Anti-GBM antibodies Confirmed 1 per million people [46]
IgA nephropathy Kidneys IgA autoantibodies Confirmed 3.5 per 100,000 [47]
Membranous nephropathy Kidneys Anti-PLA2R antibodies Confirmed 10 per 100,000 [48]
Lupus nephritis Kidneys Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Sm, Anti-nuclear antibodies Confirmed Up to 60% of those with Lupus [49]
Interstitial nephritis Kidneys Various autoantibodies Probable Varies widely, often drug-induced [50]
Interstitial cystitis Bladder Anti-urothelial and anti-nuclear antibodies Probable 100-450 per 100,000 women, less common in men [51]
Primary sclerosing cholangitis Bile ducts, can affect gallbladder P-ANCA, Anti Smooth Muscle Antibodies (ASMA) Confirmed 1 per 100,000 [52]

Nervous system

edit
Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis Central nervous system Unknown Confirmed 0.8 per 100,000 [53]
Acute motor axonal neuropathy Peripheral nerves Anti-GM1 Confirmed Part of Guillain-Barré syndrome prevalence [54]
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis Brain Anti-NMDA receptor Confirmed 1.5 per million [55]
Autoimmune encephalitis Brain Various, depending on subtype (e.g., NMDA receptor antibodies, LGI1 antibodies) Confirmed Rare [56]
Balo concentric sclerosis Central nervous system Unknown Probable Rare [57]
Bickerstaff's encephalitis Brain Anti-GQ1b Confirmed Rare [58]
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Peripheral nerves Various, including anti-MAG Confirmed 1-2 per 100,000 [59]
Guillain-Barré syndrome Peripheral nerves Various, including anti-GM1, anti-GD1a Confirmed 1-2 per 100,000 [60]
Hashimoto's encephalopathy Brain Anti-thyroid (TPO, Tg) Probable Rare [61]
Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases Central nervous system Varies Probable Varies by specific disease [62]
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome Neuromuscular junction (affecting both CNS and PNS) Anti-VGCC Confirmed 0.5-2 per million [63]
Multiple sclerosis Central nervous system Unknown, but Oligoclonal bands often present in CSF Confirmed 90 per 100,000 [64]
Myasthenia gravis Neuromuscular junction (affecting both CNS and PNS) Anti-AChR, anti-MuSK Confirmed 20 per 100,000 [65]
Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's disease)/NMOSD Optic nerves and spinal cord AQP4-IgG (NMO-IgG) Confirmed 0.5 - 4 per 100,000 [66]
Restless legs syndrome Central nervous system (thought to involve dopaminergic pathways) Unknown Uncertain 5-15% (more common in older adults) [67]
Stiff-person syndrome Central nervous system Anti-GAD, anti-amphiphysin Confirmed Rare [68]
Sydenham's chorea Brain Anti-basal ganglia Confirmed Rare (linked to Group A streptococcal infection) [69]
Transverse myelitis Spinal cord Various, including anti-AQP4 Probable 1-8 per million [70]
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) Various ANA (antinuclear autoantibody) (HEp-2 cells) Confirmed 2 per 100,000 [71]

Endocrine system

edit
Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Addison's disease Adrenal glands 21-hydroxylase antibodies Confirmed 0.93-1.4 per 10,000 [72]
Autoimmune oophoritis Ovaries Anti-ovarian antibodies Probable Rare [73]
Autoimmune orchitis Testes Anti-sperm antibodies Probable Rare [74]
Autoimmune pancreatitis Pancreas IgG4, Anti-CA2 antibodies Confirmed 0.82-1.3 per 100,000 [75]
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS1) Multiple endocrine organs Various autoantibodies depending on the organs affected Confirmed 1 in 100,000 to 200,000 [76]
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 (APS2) Multiple endocrine organs Various autoantibodies depending on the organs affected Confirmed 1 in 20,000 [77]
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 3 (APS3) Multiple endocrine organs Various autoantibodies depending on the organs affected Confirmed Rare [77]
Diabetes mellitus type 1 Pancreas Anti-insulin, anti-IA-2, anti-GAD, anti-ZnT8 antibodies Confirmed 1.6 per 1,000 [78]
Endometriosis Endometrium Anti-endometrial antibodies Probable 6-10% of women of reproductive age [79]
Graves' disease Thyroid gland TSI, TPO, TG antibodies Confirmed 1.2% of the population [80]
Hashimoto's thyroiditis Thyroid gland TPO, TG antibodies Confirmed 5% of the population [81]
Ord's thyroiditis Thyroid gland TPO, TG antibodies Confirmed Rare [82]
Sjögren syndrome Exocrine glands (salivary and lacrimal glands) Anti-SSA/Ro, Anti-SSB/La antibodies Confirmed 0.1-4% of the population [83]

Respiratory system

edit
Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Goodpasture syndrome See urinary system [a] See urinary system Confirmed See urinary system —
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) See vascular system [b] See vascular system Confirmed See vascular system —
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) See vascular system [c] See vascular system Confirmed See vascular system —
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Lungs None specific Possible 20 per 100,000 (men), 13 per 100,000 (women) [84]
Interstitial lung disease Lungs Depends on the subtype (e.g. Anti-Jo1 in Anti-synthetase syndrome) Probable 31.5 per 100,000 (men), 26.1 per 100,000 (women) [85]
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Lungs Anti-GM-CSF antibodies Confirmed 6.2 per million [86]
Rheumatoid lung disease Lungs Rheumatoid factor, Anti-CCP antibodies Confirmed Part of RA prevalence (about 1%) [87]
Sarcoidosis Lungs and other organs None specific Confirmed 10 - 40 per 100,000 [88]

Blood

edit
Autoimmune disease Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Anti-red blood cell antibodies Confirmed 1-3 per 100,000 [89]
Immune thrombocytopenia Anti-platelet antibodies Confirmed 3.3 per 100,000 (adults), 50 per 100,000 (children) [90]
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ADAMTS13 autoantibodies Confirmed 1-2 per million [91]
Antiphospholipid syndrome Antiphospholipid antibodies Confirmed 40-50 per 100,000 [92]
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria None specific, mutation causes self-cells to become susceptible to attack Possible 1-2 per million [93]

Reproductive system

edit

The reproductive system is responsible for the production and regulation of sex hormones, the formation of germ cells, and the nurturing of fertilized eggs. In women, it includes structures such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, a uterus, and a vagina, while in men, it includes testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and the penis. Autoimmune diseases of the reproductive system can affect both male and female fertility and reproductive health.

Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Autoimmune orchitis Testes Anti-sperm antibodies Probable Not well established [94]
Autoimmune oophoritis Ovaries Anti-ovarian antibodies Probable Not well established [94]
Endometriosis Uterus, ovaries, and pelvic tissue Various, including anti-endometrial antibodies Probable Approx. 10% of women of reproductive age [95]
Premature ovarian failure Ovaries Anti-ovarian antibodies, Anti-adrenal antibodies Confirmed 1% of women under 40 years [96]

Eyes

edit
Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Autoimmune retinopathy Retina Various Confirmed [97]
Autoimmune uveitis Uvea Various Confirmed [98]
Cogan syndrome Inner ear and eye None specific Probable [99]
Graves' ophthalmopathy Eye muscles and connective tissue TSH receptor antibodies Confirmed [100]
Intermediate uveitis Uvea (pars plana) Various Probable [101]
Ligneous conjunctivitis Conjunctiva Plasminogen deficiency Possible Rare [102]
Mooren's ulcer Cornea None specific Probable Rare [103]
Neuromyelitis optica Optic nerve and spinal cord Anti-AQP4 Confirmed [104]
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome Central nervous system, eye movement control Anti-neuronal antibodies Possible [105]
Optic neuritis Optic nerve Various Confirmed [106]
Scleritis Sclera Various Possible [107]
Susac's syndrome Retina, cochlea, and brain None specific Probable [108]
Sympathetic ophthalmia Uveal tract Various Probable Rare [109]
Tolosa–Hunt syndrome Orbit None specific Uncertain Rare [110]

Musculoskeletal system

edit

These autoimmune diseases are primarily associated with the muscles, joints and neuromuscular function.

Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disorder Prevalence rate (US) Cit.
Dermatomyositis See integumentary system [d] See integumentary system Confirmed See integumentary system —
Fibromyalgia Musculoskeletal system, pain perception None specific Possible [111]
Inclusion body myositis Proximal and distal muscles None specific Probable [112]
Myositis Skeletal muscles Various, depends on subtype Confirmed [113]
Myasthenia gravis Voluntary muscles, neuromuscular junctions Anti-acetylcholine receptor, Anti-MuSK Confirmed [114]
Neuromyotonia Peripheral nerves affecting muscle control Anti-voltage-gated potassium channels Probable [115]
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration Central nervous system, cerebellum Anti-Yo, Anti-Hu, Anti-Ri, others Confirmed [116]
Rheumatoid arthritis Big and small joints of extremities, temporomandibular joints Citrullinated proteins Confirmed 0.5 - 1%
Polymyositis Proximal skeletal muscles Anti-Jo-1, Anti-SRP, others Confirmed [117]

Autoimmune comorbidities

edit

This list includes conditions that are not diseases, but symptoms or syndromes common to autoimmune disease.[118]

Non-autoimmune

edit

At this time, there is not sufficient evidence to indicate that these diseases are caused by autoimmunity.

Disease Reason not believed to be autoimmune Cit.
Agammaglobulinemia An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.
Amyloidosis No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Anti-tubular basement membrane nephritis No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Atopic allergy A hypersensitivity.
Atopic dermatitis A hypersensitivity.
Autism No consistent evidence of association with maternal autoimmunity.
Blau syndrome Overlaps both sarcoidosis and granuloma annulare. No evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Cancer No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Castleman's disease An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.
Chagas disease No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity. [121]
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity. [122][123]
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis LPIN2, D18S60. Synonyms: Majeed syndrome.
Complement component 2 deficiency Possibly symptomatic of autoimmune diseases, but not a disease.
Congenital heart block May be related to autoimmune activity in the mother.
Contact dermatitis A hypersensitivity.
Cushing's syndrome No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Dego's disease No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis Possibly a hypersensitivity.
Eosinophilic pneumonia A class of diseases, some of which may be autoimmune.
Erythroblastosis fetalis Mother's immune system attacks fetus. An immune system disorder but not autoimmune.
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva Possibly an immune system disorder but not autoimmune.
Gastrointestinal pemphigoid No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Hypogammaglobulinemia An immune system disorder but not autoimmune.
Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis No consistent evidence of autoimmune cause though the disease has been found comorbid with other autoimmune diseases. [124]
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Autoantibodies: SFTPA1, SFTPA2, TERT, and TERC.
IgA nephropathy An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.
IPEX syndrome A genetic mutation in FOXP3 that leads to autoimmune diseases, but not an autoimmune disorder itself.
Ligneous conjunctivitis No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Majeed syndrome No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Narcolepsy No evidence of association with autoimmunity. Research not reproducible.[needs update] [125][126][127][128]
Rasmussen's encephalitis No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Schizophrenia No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity. [129][130][131]
Serum sickness A hypersensitivity.
Spondyloarthropathy No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Sweet's syndrome No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Takayasu's arteritis No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ For detailed information on Goodpasture syndrome, including its impact on the respiratory system, refer to its entry in the urinary system section.
  2. ^ For detailed information on EGPA, including its impact on the respiratory system, refer to its entry in the vascular system section.
  3. ^ For detailed information on GPA, including its impact on the respiratory system, refer to its entry in the vascular system section.
  4. ^ For detailed information on dermatomyositis, including its impact on the musclar system, refer to its entry in the integumentary system section.

References

edit
  1. ^ Pratt, C. Herbert; King, Lloyd E.; Messenger, Andrew G.; Christiano, Angela M.; Sundberg, John P. (2017-03-16). "Alopecia areata". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 17011. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.11. ISSN 2056-676X. PMC 5573125. PMID 28300084.
  2. ^ Mirzoyev, Sultan A.; Schrum, Adam G.; Davis, Mark D.P.; Torgerson, Rochelle R. (2014). "Lifetime Incidence Risk of Alopecia Areata Estimated at 2.1% by Rochester Epidemiology Project, 1990–2009". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 134 (4). Elsevier BV: 1141–1142. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.464. ISSN 0022-202X. PMC 3961558. PMID 24202232.
  3. ^ "Acquired angioedema - About the Disease". Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. 2021-01-08. Retrieved 2023-07-12.
  4. ^ Irshad, Shahmeen; Haider, Muhammad S; Master, Madiha F; Asif, Nasir; Khalil, Ambreen (2021-11-02). "Autoimmune Progesterone Dermatitis". Cureus. 13 (11). Cureus, Inc.: e19217. doi:10.7759/cureus.19217. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 8642151. PMID 34877200.
  5. ^ Kolkhir, Pavel; Muñoz, Melba; Asero, Riccardo; Ferrer, Marta; Kocatürk, Emek; Metz, Martin; Xiang, Yi-Kui; Maurer, Marcus (2022). "Autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 149 (6). Elsevier BV: 1819–1831. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.010. ISSN 0091-6749. PMID 35667749. S2CID 249362247.
  6. ^ Wertenteil, Sara; Strunk, Andrew; Garg, Amit (2019). "Prevalence estimates for chronic urticaria in the United States: A sex- and age-adjusted population analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 81 (1). Elsevier BV: 152–156. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.02.064. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 30872154. S2CID 78092096.
  7. ^ Cole, Connor; Vinay, Keshavamurthy; Borradori, Luca; Amber, Kyle T. (2022-07-07). "Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Bullous Pemphigoid: The Role of Complement-Independent Mechanisms". Frontiers in Immunology. 13. Frontiers Media SA. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.912876. ISSN 1664-3224. PMC 9300999. PMID 35874745.
  8. ^ Rashid, H.; Lamberts, A.; Borradori, L.; Alberti-Violetti, S.; Barry, R.J.; Caproni, M.; Carey, B.; Carrozzo, M.; Caux, F.; Cianchini, G.; Corrà, A.; Diercks, G.F.H.; Dikkers, F.G.; Di Zenzo, G.; Feliciani, C.; Geerling, G.; Genovese, G.; Hertl, M.; Joly, P.; Marzano, A.V.; Meijer, J.M.; Mercadante, V.; Murrell, D.F.; Ormond, M.; Pas, H.H.; Patsatsi, A.; Prost, C.; Rauz, S.; Rhijn, B.D.; Roth, M.; Schmidt, E.; Setterfield, J.; Zambruno, G.; Zillikens, D.; Horváth, B. (2021-07-10). "European guidelines (S3) on diagnosis and management of mucous membrane pemphigoid, initiated by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology – Part I". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 35 (9). Wiley: 1750–1764. doi:10.1111/jdv.17397. ISSN 0926-9959. PMC 8457055. PMID 34245180.
  9. ^ Reunala, Timo; Hervonen, Kaisa; Salmi, Teea (2021-01-11). "Dermatitis Herpetiformis: An Update on Diagnosis and Management". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 22 (3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 329–338. doi:10.1007/s40257-020-00584-2. ISSN 1175-0561. PMC 8068693. PMID 33432477.
  10. ^ Nombel, Anaïs; Fabien, Nicole; Coutant, Frédéric (2021-10-20). "Dermatomyositis With Anti-MDA5 Antibodies: Bioclinical Features, Pathogenesis and Emerging Therapies". Frontiers in Immunology. 12. Frontiers Media SA. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.773352. ISSN 1664-3224. PMC 8564476. PMID 34745149.
  11. ^ Donnelly, AM; Halbert, AR; Rohr, JB (1995). "Discoid lupus erythematosus". Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 36 (1). Wiley: 3–10. doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.1995.tb00916.x. ISSN 0004-8380. PMID 7763220. S2CID 9050427.
  12. ^ Miyamoto, Denise; Gordilho, Juliana Olivieri; Santi, Claudia Giuli; Porro, Adriana Maria (2022). "Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 97 (4). Elsevier BV: 409–423. doi:10.1016/j.abd.2021.09.010. ISSN 0365-0596. PMC 9263658. PMID 35701269.
  13. ^ Pérez-Garza, Daniela Michelle; Chavez-Alvarez, Sonia; Ocampo-Candiani, Jorge; Gomez-Flores, Minerva (2021-03-08). "Erythema Nodosum: A Practical Approach and Diagnostic Algorithm". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 22 (3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 367–378. doi:10.1007/s40257-021-00592-w. ISSN 1175-0561. PMC 7938036. PMID 33683567.
  14. ^ Patel, Payal M.; Jones, Virginia A.; Murray, Taryn N.; Amber, Kyle T. (2020-03-16). "A Review Comparing International Guidelines for the Management of Bullous Pemphigoid, Pemphigoid Gestationis, Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid, and Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 21 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 557–565. doi:10.1007/s40257-020-00513-3. ISSN 1175-0561. PMID 32180161. S2CID 212718889.
  15. ^ Goldburg, Samantha R.; Strober, Bruce E.; Payette, Michael J. (2020). "Hidradenitis suppurativa". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 82 (5). Elsevier BV: 1045–1058. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.08.090. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 31604104. S2CID 243497119.
  16. ^ Tziotzios, Christos; Lee, John Y.W.; Brier, Timothy; Saito, Ryo; Hsu, Chao-Kai; Bhargava, Kapil; Stefanato, Catherine M.; Fenton, David A.; McGrath, John A. (2018). "Lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 79 (5). Elsevier BV: 789–804. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.010. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 30318136. S2CID 52982317.
  17. ^ Kirtschig, Gudula (2016-05-13). "Lichen Sclerosus—Presentation, Diagnosis and Management". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 113 (19). Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH: 337–343. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0337. ISSN 1866-0452. PMC 4904529. PMID 27232363.
  18. ^ Shin, Leah; Gardner, Jeffrey T.; Dao, Harry (2021-08-12). "Updates in the Diagnosis and Management of Linear IgA Disease: A Systematic Review". Medicina. 57 (8). MDPI AG: 818. doi:10.3390/medicina57080818. ISSN 1648-9144. PMC 8400507. PMID 34441024.
  19. ^ Florez-Pollack, Stephanie; Kunzler, Elaine; Jacobe, Heidi T. (2018). "Morphea: Current concepts". Clinics in Dermatology. 36 (4). Elsevier BV: 475–486. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.04.005. ISSN 0738-081X. PMID 30047431. S2CID 206776415.
  20. ^ Boehncke, Wolf-Henning; Schön, Michael P (2015). "Psoriasis". The Lancet. 386 (9997). Elsevier BV: 983–994. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61909-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 26025581.
  21. ^ Melchionda, V.; Harman, K. E. (2019-08-04). "Pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus: an overview of the clinical presentation, investigations and management". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 44 (7). Oxford University Press (OUP): 740–746. doi:10.1111/ced.14041. ISSN 0307-6938. PMID 31378971. S2CID 199436546.
  22. ^ Careta, Mariana Figueiroa; Romiti, Ricardo (2015). "Localized scleroderma: clinical spectrum and therapeutic update". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 90 (1). FapUNIFESP (SciELO): 62–73. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20152890. ISSN 0365-0596. PMC 4323700. PMID 25672301.
  23. ^ Bergqvist, Christina; Ezzedine, Khaled (2020). "Vitiligo: A Review". Dermatology. 236 (6). S. Karger AG: 571–592. doi:10.1159/000506103. ISSN 1018-8665. PMID 32155629. S2CID 212666272.
  24. ^ Chen, Charles B.; Tahboub, Farah; Plesec, Thomas; Kay, Marsha; Radhakrishnan, Kadakkal (2020-08-24). "A Review of Autoimmune Enteropathy and Its Associated Syndromes". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 65 (11). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 3079–3090. doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06540-8. ISSN 0163-2116. PMID 32833153. S2CID 221257881.
  25. ^ Sucher, Elisabeth; Sucher, Robert; Gradistanac, Tanja; Brandacher, Gerald; Schneeberger, Stefan; Berg, Thomas (2019-11-25). "Autoimmune Hepatitis—Immunologically Triggered Liver Pathogenesis—Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies". Journal of Immunology Research. 2019. Hindawi Limited: 1–19. doi:10.1155/2019/9437043. ISSN 2314-8861. PMC 6899271. PMID 31886312.
  26. ^ Catassi, Carlo; Verdu, Elena F; Bai, Julio Cesar; Lionetti, Elena (2022). "Coeliac disease". The Lancet. 399 (10344). Elsevier BV: 2413–2426. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00794-2. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 35691302. S2CID 249622609.
  27. ^ Torres, Joana; Mehandru, Saurabh; Colombel, Jean-Frédéric; Peyrin-Biroulet, Laurent (2017). "Crohn's disease". The Lancet. 389 (10080). Elsevier BV: 1741–1755. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31711-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 27914655. S2CID 13678540.
  28. ^ Mohamed, Muhajir; Thio, Joel; Thomas, Remy Susan; Phillips, Jehan (2020-04-24). "Pernicious anaemia". BMJ. 369: m1319. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1319. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 32332011. S2CID 216129306.
  29. ^ Ordás, Ingrid; Eckmann, Lars; Talamini, Mark; Baumgart, Daniel C; Sandborn, William J (2012). "Ulcerative colitis". The Lancet. 380 (9853). Elsevier BV: 1606–1619. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60150-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 22914296. S2CID 18349657.
  30. ^ Carapetis, Jonathan R.; Beaton, Andrea; Cunningham, Madeleine W.; Guilherme, Luiza; Karthikeyan, Ganesan; Mayosi, Bongani M.; Sable, Craig; Steer, Andrew; Wilson, Nigel; Wyber, Rosemary; Zühlke, Liesl (2016-01-14). "Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 15084. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.84. ISSN 2056-676X. PMC 5810582. PMID 27188830.
  31. ^ Rife, Eileen; Gedalia, Abraham (2020-09-13). "Kawasaki Disease: an Update". Current Rheumatology Reports. 22 (10). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 75. doi:10.1007/s11926-020-00941-4. ISSN 1523-3774. PMC 7487199. PMID 32924089.
  32. ^ Ciofalo, Andrea; Gulotta, Giampiero; Iannella, Giannicola; Pasquariello, Benedetta; Manno, Alessandra; Angeletti, Diletta; Pace, Annalisa; Greco, Antonio; Altissimi, Giancarlo; de Vincentiis, Marco; Magliulo, Giuseppe (2019-11-25). "Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA): Pathogenesis, Clinical Aspects and Treatment Approaches". Current Rheumatology Reviews. 15 (4). Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.: 259–268. doi:10.2174/1573397115666190227194014. ISSN 1573-3971. PMID 30827250. S2CID 73472064.
  33. ^ a b Watanabe, Ryu; Berry, Gerald J.; Liang, David H.; Goronzy, Jörg J.; Weyand, Cornelia M. (2020-08-26). "Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis and Takayasu Arteritis—Similarities and Differences". Current Rheumatology Reports. 22 (10). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 68. doi:10.1007/s11926-020-00948-x. ISSN 1523-3774. PMC 9112376. PMID 32845392.
  34. ^ Galarza, Claudio; Valencia, Diana; Tobón, Gabriel J.; Zurita, Luis; Mantilla, Rubén D.; Pineda-Tamayo, Ricardo; Rojas-Villarraga, Adriana; Rueda, Juan C.; Anaya, Juan-Manuel (2007-09-22). "Should Rituximab be Considered as the First-Choice Treatment for Severe Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases?". Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 34 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 124–128. doi:10.1007/s12016-007-8028-z. ISSN 1080-0549. PMID 18270866. S2CID 21279076.
  35. ^ Tong, Bainan; Liu, Xiaoli; Xiao, Jun; Su, Guanfang (2019-03-29). "Immunopathogenesis of Behcet's Disease". Frontiers in Immunology. 10. Frontiers Media SA: 665. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00665. ISSN 1664-3224. PMC 6449449. PMID 30984205.
  36. ^ a b White, JPE; Dubey, S. (2023). "Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A review". Autoimmunity Reviews. 22 (1). Elsevier BV: 103219. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103219. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 36283646. S2CID 253087925.
  37. ^ Pillebout, Evangéline; Sunderkötter, Cord (2021-06-25). "IgA vasculitis". Seminars in Immunopathology. 43 (5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 729–738. doi:10.1007/s00281-021-00874-9. ISSN 1863-2297. PMID 34170395. S2CID 235635414.
  38. ^ Fraticelli, Paolo; Benfaremo, Devis; Gabrielli, Armando (2021-03-13). "Diagnosis and management of leukocytoclastic vasculitis". Internal and Emergency Medicine. 16 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 831–841. doi:10.1007/s11739-021-02688-x. ISSN 1828-0447. PMC 8195763. PMID 33713282.
  39. ^ Calle-Botero, Estefania; Abril, Andy (2020-08-26). "Lupus Vasculitis". Current Rheumatology Reports. 22 (10). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 71. doi:10.1007/s11926-020-00937-0. ISSN 1523-3774. PMID 32845454. S2CID 221329029.
  40. ^ Mertz, Philippe; Wollenschlaeger, Clara; Chasset, François; Dima, Alina; Arnaud, Laurent (2023). "Rheumatoid vasculitis in 2023: Changes and challenges since the biologics era". Autoimmunity Reviews. 22 (9). Elsevier BV: 103391. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103391. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 37468085. S2CID 259957955.
  41. ^ Greco, Antonio; De Virgilio, Armando; Rizzo, Maria Ida; Gallo, Andrea; Magliulo, Giuseppe; Fusconi, Massimo; Ruoppolo, Giovanni; Tombolini, Mario; Turchetta, Rosaria; de Vincentiis, Marco (2015). "Microscopic polyangiitis: Advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches". Autoimmunity Reviews. 14 (9). Elsevier BV: 837–844. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.05.005. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 25992801.
  42. ^ Bilginer, Yelda; Ozen, Seza (2022-01-25). "Polyarteritis nodosa". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 34 (2). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 229–233. doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000001106. ISSN 1040-8703. PMID 35081554. S2CID 246296626.
  43. ^ Lundberg, Ingrid E.; Sharma, Ankita; Turesson, Carl; Mohammad, Aladdin J. (2022-06-11). "An update on polymyalgia rheumatica". Journal of Internal Medicine. 292 (5). Wiley: 717–732. doi:10.1111/joim.13525. ISSN 0954-6820. PMC 9796644. PMID 35612524.
  44. ^ Gu, Stephanie L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2021). "Urticarial vasculitis". International Journal of Women's Dermatology. 7 (3). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 290–297. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.01.021. ISSN 2352-6475. PMC 8243153. PMID 34222586.
  45. ^ Kermani, Tanaz A.; Warrington, Kenneth J.; Dua, Anisha B. (2022). "Treatment Guidelines in Vasculitis". Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. 48 (3). Elsevier BV: 705–724. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2022.03.006. ISSN 0889-857X. PMID 35953232. S2CID 250323897.
  46. ^ Reggiani, Francesco; L'Imperio, Vincenzo; Calatroni, Marta; Pagni, Fabio; Sinico, Renato Alberto (2023-03-15). "Goodpasture syndrome and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease". Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 41 (4): 964–974. doi:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/tep3k5. ISSN 1593-098X. PMID 36995324. S2CID 257836514.
  47. ^ Gesualdo, Loreto; Di Leo, Vincenzo; Coppo, Rosanna (2021). "The mucosal immune system and IgA nephropathy". Seminars in Immunopathology. 43 (5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 657–668. doi:10.1007/s00281-021-00871-y. ISSN 1863-2297. PMC 8551125. PMID 34642783.
  48. ^ Keri, Krishna C; Blumenthal, Samuel; Kulkarni, Varsha; Beck, Laurence; Chongkrairatanakul, Tepsiri (2019-01-01). "Primary membranous nephropathy: comprehensive review and historical perspective". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 95 (1119). Oxford University Press (OUP): 23–31. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135729. ISSN 0032-5473. PMID 30683678. S2CID 59275094.
  49. ^ Almaani, Salem; Meara, Alexa; Rovin, Brad H. (May 2017). "Update on Lupus Nephritis". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 12 (5): 825–835. doi:10.2215/CJN.05780616. ISSN 1555-9041. PMC 5477208. PMID 27821390.
  50. ^ Dhillon, S; Higgins, R M (1997-03-01). "Interstitial nephritis". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 73 (857): 151–155. doi:10.1136/pgmj.73.857.151. ISSN 0032-5473. PMC 2431241. PMID 9135830.
  51. ^ Marcu, Ioana; Campian, E.; Tu, Frank (March 2018). "Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 36 (2): 123–135. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1676089. ISSN 1526-8004. PMID 30566978. S2CID 58586665.
  52. ^ Karlsen, Tom H.; Folseraas, Trine; Thorburn, Douglas; Vesterhus, Mette (December 2017). "Primary sclerosing cholangitis – a comprehensive review". Journal of Hepatology. 67 (6): 1298–1323. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.022. PMID 28802875.
  53. ^ Paolilo, Renata Barbosa; Deiva, Kumaran; Neuteboom, Rinze; Rostásy, Kevin; Lim, Ming (2020-11-03). "Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Current Perspectives". Children. 7 (11): 210. doi:10.3390/children7110210. ISSN 2227-9067. PMC 7692206. PMID 33153097.
  54. ^ Kaida, Kenichi (2019), Sango, Kazunori; Yamauchi, Junji; Ogata, Toru; Susuki, Keiichiro (eds.), "Guillain–Barré Syndrome", Myelin, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 1190, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 323–331, doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_20, ISBN 978-981-329-635-0, PMID 31760653, S2CID 208275682, retrieved 2023-11-27
  55. ^ Dalmau, Josep; Armangué, Thais; Planagumà, Jesús; Radosevic, Marija; Mannara, Francesco; Leypoldt, Frank; Geis, Christian; Lancaster, Eric; Titulaer, Maarten J; Rosenfeld, Myrna R; Graus, Francesc (November 2019). "An update on anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis for neurologists and psychiatrists: mechanisms and models". The Lancet Neurology. 18 (11): 1045–1057. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30244-3. PMID 31326280. S2CID 197464804.
  56. ^ Nissen, Mette Scheller; Ryding, Matias; Meyer, Morten; Blaabjerg, Morten (2020-12-24). "Autoimmune Encephalitis: Current Knowledge on Subtypes, Disease Mechanisms and Treatment". CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets. 19 (8): 584–598. doi:10.2174/1871527319666200708133103. PMID 32640967. S2CID 220436473.
  57. ^ Hardy, Todd A; Miller, David H (July 2014). "Baló's concentric sclerosis". The Lancet Neurology. 13 (7): 740–746. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70052-3. PMID 24943346. S2CID 9624023.
  58. ^ Marino, S.; Marino, L.; Greco, F.; Venti, V.; Fontana, A.; Timpanaro, T.; Taibi, R.; Pustorino, E.; Barbagallo, M.; Pavone, P. (December 2020). "Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis in childhood: a literature overview". European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 24 (24): 12802–12807. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202012_24181. ISSN 1128-3602. PMID 33378029.
  59. ^ Stino, Amro M.; Naddaf, Elie; Dyck, Peter J.; Dyck, P. James B. (February 2021). "Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy—Diagnostic pitfalls and treatment approach". Muscle & Nerve. 63 (2): 157–169. doi:10.1002/mus.27046. hdl:2027.42/166169. ISSN 0148-639X. PMID 32914902. S2CID 221619303.
  60. ^ Jasti, Anil K.; Selmi, Carlo; Sarmiento-Monroy, Juan C.; Vega, Daniel A.; Anaya, Juan-Manuel; Gershwin, M. Eric (November 2016). "Guillain-Barré syndrome: causes, immunopathogenic mechanisms and treatment". Expert Review of Clinical Immunology. 12 (11): 1175–1189. doi:10.1080/1744666X.2016.1193006. hdl:2434/424557. ISSN 1744-666X. PMID 27292311. S2CID 45391831.
  61. ^ Mocellin, Ramon; Walterfang, Mark; Velakoulis, Dennis (2007). "Hashimoto???s Encephalopathy: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Management". CNS Drugs. 21 (10): 799–811. doi:10.2165/00023210-200721100-00002. ISSN 1172-7047. PMID 17850170. S2CID 39949260.
  62. ^ Rovira, Àlex; Sastre-Garriga, Jaume; Auger, Cristina; Rovira, Antoni (April 2013). "Idiopathic Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases of the Brainstem". Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI. 34 (2): 123–130. doi:10.1053/j.sult.2013.01.003. PMID 23522777.
  63. ^ Pascuzzi, Robert M.; Bodkin, Cynthia L. (2022-12-22). "Myasthenia Gravis and Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome: New Developments in Diagnosis and Treatment". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 18: 3001–3022. doi:10.2147/NDT.S296714. PMC 9792103. PMID 36578903.
  64. ^ Yamout, Bassem; Alroughani, Raed (April 2018). "Multiple Sclerosis". Seminars in Neurology. 38 (2): 212–225. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1649502. ISSN 0271-8235. PMID 29791948. S2CID 43931137.
  65. ^ Gilhus, Nils Erik; Verschuuren, Jan J (October 2015). "Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies". The Lancet Neurology. 14 (10): 1023–1036. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00145-3. PMID 26376969. S2CID 19615369.
  66. ^ Holroyd, Kathryn B.; Manzano, Giovanna S.; Levy, Michael (November 2020). "Update on neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder". Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 31 (6): 462–468. doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000703. ISSN 1040-8738. PMC 7771018. PMID 33009077.
  67. ^ Trenkwalder, Claudia; Allen, Richard; Högl, Birgit; Clemens, Stefan; Patton, Stephanie; Schormair, Barbara; Winkelmann, Juliane (November 2018). "Comorbidities, treatment, and pathophysiology in restless legs syndrome". The Lancet Neurology. 17 (11): 994–1005. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30311-9. PMID 30244828. S2CID 52335655.
  68. ^ Newsome, Scott D.; Johnson, Tory (August 2022). "Stiff person syndrome spectrum disorders; more than meets the eye". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 369: 577915. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577915. PMC 9274902. PMID 35717735.
  69. ^ Punukollu, Mallika; Mushet, Nadine; Linney, Marisa; Hennessy, Colm; Morton, Michael (January 2016). "Neuropsychiatric manifestations of Sydenham's chorea: a systematic review". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 58 (1): 16–28. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12786. ISSN 0012-1622. PMID 25926089. S2CID 31037155.
  70. ^ Beh, Shin C.; Greenberg, Benjamin M.; Frohman, Teresa; Frohman, Elliot M. (February 2013). "Transverse Myelitis". Neurologic Clinics. 31 (1): 79–138. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2012.09.008. PMC 7132741. PMID 23186897.
  71. ^ Purohit, Richa; Khal, Ravi Shahu; Gokalp, Gizem; Sambandan, Rajan; Bhanusali, Neha; Purohit, Richa; Khal, Ravi Shahu; Gokalp, Gizem; Sambandan, Rajan; Bhanusali, Neha (June 16, 2023). "Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease With Isolated Diaphragmatic Dysfunction". Cureus. 15 (6): e40515. doi:10.7759/cureus.40515. PMC 10350301. PMID 37461764.
  72. ^ Saverino, Serena; Falorni, Alberto (2020). "Autoimmune Addison's disease". Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 34 (1). Elsevier BV: 101379. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2020.101379. ISSN 1521-690X. PMID 32063488.
  73. ^ Levit, Elizabeth; Singh, Bhuchitra; Nylander, Elisabeth; Segars, James H. (2023-07-27). "A Systematic Review of Autoimmune Oophoritis Therapies". Reproductive Sciences. 31 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1–16. doi:10.1007/s43032-023-01299-5. ISSN 1933-7191. PMID 37500976. S2CID 260246899.
  74. ^ Silva, C.A.; Cocuzza, M.; Carvalho, J.F.; Bonfá, E. (2014). "Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune orchitis". Autoimmunity Reviews. 13 (4–5). Elsevier BV: 431–434. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.024. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 24424181.
  75. ^ Nista, Enrico Celestino; De Lucia, Sara Sofia; Manilla, Vittoria; Schepis, Tommaso; Pellegrino, Antonio; Ojetti, Veronica; Pignataro, Giulia; Zileri dal Verme, Lorenzo; Franceschi, Francesco; Gasbarrini, Antonio; Candelli, Marcello (2022-10-21). "Autoimmune Pancreatitis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (20). MDPI AG: 12667. doi:10.3390/ijms232012667. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 9604056. PMID 36293522.
  76. ^ Bjørklund, Geir; Pivin, Maksim; Hangan, Tony; Yurkovskaya, Oksana; Pivina, Lyudmila (2022). "Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1: Clinical manifestations, pathogenetic features, and management approach". Autoimmunity Reviews. 21 (8). Elsevier BV: 103135. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103135. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 35690244.
  77. ^ a b Husebye, Eystein S.; Anderson, Mark S.; Kämpe, Olle (2018-03-22). "Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes". New England Journal of Medicine. 378 (12). Massachusetts Medical Society: 1132–1141. doi:10.1056/nejmra1713301. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 6007870. PMID 29562162.
  78. ^ Rezaei, Nima; Bahreini, Farbod; Rayzan, Elham (2022). "MicroRNAs and Diabetes Mellitus Type 1". Current Diabetes Reviews. 18 (2). Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.: e021421191398. doi:10.2174/1573399817666210215111201. ISSN 1573-3998. PMID 33588736. S2CID 231938319.
  79. ^ Abramiuk, Monika; Grywalska, Ewelina; Małkowska, Paulina; Sierawska, Olga; Hrynkiewicz, Rafał; Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, Paulina (2022-06-25). "The Role of the Immune System in the Development of Endometriosis". Cells. 11 (13). MDPI AG: 2028. doi:10.3390/cells11132028. ISSN 2073-4409. PMC 9265783. PMID 35805112.
  80. ^ Moshkelgosha, Sajad; So, Po-Wah; Diaz-Cano, Salvador; Banga, J. (2015-04-30). "Preclinical Models of Graves' Disease and Associated Secondary Complications". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 21 (18). Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.: 2414–2421. doi:10.2174/1381612821666150316121945. ISSN 1381-6128. PMID 25777757.
  81. ^ Mikulska, Aniceta A.; Karaźniewicz-Łada, Marta; Filipowicz, Dorota; Ruchała, Marek; Główka, Franciszek K. (2022-06-13). "Metabolic Characteristics of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Patients and the Role of Microelements and Diet in the Disease Management—An Overview". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (12). MDPI AG: 6580. doi:10.3390/ijms23126580. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 9223845. PMID 35743024.
  82. ^ Carlé, Allan; Pedersen, Inge Bülow; Knudsen, Nils; Perrild, Hans; Ovesen, Lars; Jørgensen, Torben; Laurberg, Peter (2009-03-01). "Thyroid Volume in Hypothyroidism due to Autoimmune Disease Follows a Unimodal Distribution: Evidence against Primary Thyroid Atrophy and Autoimmune Thyroiditis Being Distinct Diseases". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 94 (3). The Endocrine Society: 833–839. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1370. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 19088156. S2CID 8184654.
  83. ^ Brito-Zerón, Pilar; Retamozo, Soledad; Ramos-Casals, Manuel (2023). "Síndrome de Sjögren". Medicina Clínica (in Spanish). 160 (4). Elsevier BV: 163–171. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2022.10.007. ISSN 0025-7753. PMID 36528400. S2CID 263009504.
  84. ^ Hoyne, Gerard F; Elliott, Hannah; Mutsaers, Steven E; Prêle, Cecilia M (2017-04-25). "Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and a role for autoimmunity". Immunology & Cell Biology. 95 (7). Wiley: 577–583. doi:10.1038/icb.2017.22. ISSN 0818-9641. PMID 28356570. S2CID 205152247.
  85. ^ Kadura, Suha; Raghu, Ganesh (2021-06-23). "Rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease: manifestations and current concepts in pathogenesis and management". European Respiratory Review. 30 (160). European Respiratory Society (ERS): 210011. doi:10.1183/16000617.0011-2021. ISSN 0905-9180. PMC 9489133. PMID 34168062.
  86. ^ Trapnell, Bruce C.; Nakata, Koh; Bonella, Francesco; Campo, Ilaria; Griese, Matthias; Hamilton, John; Wang, Tisha; Morgan, Cliff; Cottin, Vincent; McCarthy, Cormac (2019-03-07). "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 5 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 16. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0066-3. ISSN 2056-676X. PMID 30846703. S2CID 73484878.
  87. ^ Akiyama, Mitsuhiro; Kaneko, Yuko (2022). "Pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment strategy for rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease". Autoimmunity Reviews. 21 (5). Elsevier BV: 103056. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103056. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 35121155. S2CID 246496520.
  88. ^ Brito-Zerón, Pilar; Pérez-Álvarez, Roberto; Ramos-Casals, Manuel (2022). "Sarcoidosis". Medicina Clínica (in Spanish). 159 (4). Elsevier BV: 195–204. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2022.03.009. ISSN 0025-7753. PMID 35680449.
  89. ^ Scheckel, Caleb J.; Go, Ronald S. (2022). "Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis". Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 36 (2). Elsevier BV: 315–324. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2021.12.001. ISSN 0889-8588. PMID 35282951. S2CID 247428832.
  90. ^ Audia, Sylvain; Mahévas, Matthieu; Samson, Maxime; Godeau, Bertrand; Bonnotte, Bernard (2017). "Pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia". Autoimmunity Reviews. 16 (6). Elsevier BV: 620–632. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.04.012. ISSN 1568-9972. PMID 28428120.
  91. ^ Sadler, J. Evan (2017-09-07). "Pathophysiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura". Blood. 130 (10). American Society of Hematology: 1181–1188. doi:10.1182/blood-2017-04-636431. ISSN 0006-4971. PMC 5606001. PMID 28768626.
  92. ^ Sammaritano, Lisa R. (2020). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 34 (1). Elsevier BV: 101463. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2019.101463. ISSN 1521-6942. PMID 31866276. S2CID 209447261.
  93. ^ Brodsky, Robert A. (2021-03-11). "How I treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria". Blood. 137 (10). American Society of Hematology: 1304–1309. doi:10.1182/blood.2019003812. ISSN 0006-4971. PMC 7955407. PMID 33512400.
  94. ^ a b [citation needed]
  95. ^ Bulletti, C.; Coccia, M. E.; Battistoni, S.; Borini, A. (2010-08-01). "Endometriosis and infertility". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 27 (8). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 441–447. doi:10.1007/s10815-010-9436-1. ISSN 1058-0468. PMC 2941592. PMID 20574791.
  96. ^ Nelson, Lawrence M. (2009-02-05). "Primary Ovarian Insufficiency". New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (6). Massachusetts Medical Society: 606–614. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0808697. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 2762081. PMID 19196677.
  97. ^ Dutta Majumder, Parthopratim; Marchese, Alessandro; Pichi, Francesco; Garg, Itika; Agarwal, Aniruddha (2020). "An update on autoimmune retinopathy". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 68 (9). Medknow: 1829–1837. doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_786_20. ISSN 0301-4738. PMC 7690499. PMID 32823399.
  98. ^ Horai, Reiko; Caspi, Rachel R. (2019-02-19). "Microbiome and Autoimmune Uveitis". Frontiers in Immunology. 10. Frontiers Media SA: 232. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00232. ISSN 1664-3224. PMC 6389708. PMID 30837991.
  99. ^ Espinoza, Gabriela Mabel; Wheeler, Joseph; Temprano, Katherine K.; Keller, Angela Prost (2020-06-16). "Cogan's Syndrome: Clinical Presentations and Update on Treatment". Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 20 (9). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 46. doi:10.1007/s11882-020-00945-1. ISSN 1529-7322. PMID 32548646. S2CID 219692073.
  100. ^ González-García, Andrés; Sales-Sanz, Marco (2021). "Tratamiento de la oftalmopatía de Graves". Medicina Clínica (in Spanish). 156 (4). Elsevier BV: 180–186. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2020.07.031. ISSN 0025-7753. PMID 33069387. S2CID 225173294.
  101. ^ Teo, Andrea York Tiang; Betzler, Bjorn Kaijun; Hua, Keith Low Qie; Chen, Elizabeth Jiahui; Gupta, Vishali; Agrawal, Rupesh (2022-06-27). "Intermediate Uveitis: A Review". Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 31 (5). Informa UK Limited: 1041–1060. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2070503. ISSN 0927-3948. PMID 35759636. S2CID 250090138.
  102. ^ Tu, Yufei; Gonzalez-Gronow, Mario; Kolomeyer, Anton M.; Cohen, Alice; Pruzon, Joanna; Milman, Tatyana; Chu, David S. (2015-02-12). "Adult-Onset Ligneous Conjunctivitis with Detection of a Novel Plasminogen Gene Mutation and Anti-Plasminogen IgA Antibody: A Clinicopathologic Study and Review of Literature". Seminars in Ophthalmology. 31 (6). Informa UK Limited: 526–531. doi:10.3109/08820538.2015.1005319. ISSN 0882-0538. PMID 25674820. S2CID 45834939.
  103. ^ He, Na; Song, Wei; Gao, Ying (2021). "Treatment of Mooren's ulcer coexisting with a pterygium using an intrastromal lenticule obtained from small-incision lenticule extraction: case report and literature review". Journal of International Medical Research. 49 (6). SAGE Publications: 030006052110202. doi:10.1177/03000605211020246. ISSN 0300-0605. PMC 8212381. PMID 34130538.
  104. ^ Wingerchuk, Dean M.; Banwell, Brenda; Bennett, Jeffrey L.; Cabre, Philippe; Carroll, William; Chitnis, Tanuja; de Seze, Jérôme; Fujihara, Kazuo; Greenberg, Benjamin; Jacob, Anu; Jarius, Sven; Lana-Peixoto, Marco; Levy, Michael; Simon, Jack H.; Tenembaum, Silvia; Traboulsee, Anthony L.; Waters, Patrick; Wellik, Kay E.; Weinshenker, Brian G. (2015-06-19). "International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders". Neurology. 85 (2). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 177–189. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001729. ISSN 0028-3878. PMC 4515040. PMID 26092914. S2CID 5932243.
  105. ^ Bhatia, Poonam; Heim, Jennifer; Cornejo, Patricia; Kane, Lauren; Santiago, Jason; Kruer, Michael C. (2021-03-29). "Opsoclonus–myoclonus–ataxia syndrome in children". Journal of Neurology. 269 (2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 750–757. doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10536-3. ISSN 0340-5354. PMID 33779841. S2CID 232387732.
  106. ^ Petzold, Axel; et al. (2022). "Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis". The Lancet Neurology. 21 (12). Elsevier BV: 1120–1134. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00200-9. ISSN 1474-4422. PMID 36179757. S2CID 252564095.
  107. ^ Promelle, Veronique; Goeb, Vincent; Gueudry, Julie (2021-05-14). "Rheumatoid Arthritis Associated Episcleritis and Scleritis: An Update on Treatment Perspectives". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 10 (10). MDPI AG: 2118. doi:10.3390/jcm10102118. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 8156434. PMID 34068884.
  108. ^ Pereira, Sara; Vieira, Bruna; Maio, Tiago; Moreira, Jorge; Sampaio, Filipa (2020-05-01). "Susac's Syndrome: An Updated Review". Neuro-Ophthalmology. 44 (6). Informa UK Limited: 355–360. doi:10.1080/01658107.2020.1748062. ISSN 0165-8107. PMC 7746245. PMID 33408428.
  109. ^ Agrawal, Deepshikha; Parchand, Swapnil; Ayyadurai, Nikitha; Agarwal, Aniruddha; Gangwe, Anil; Behera, Shashwat; Bhatia, Priyavat; Mulkutkar, Samyak; Barwar, Gulshan; Singh, Ramandeep; Sen, Alok; Agarwal, Manisha (2022). "Sympathetic ophthalmia: A comprehensive update". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 70 (6). Medknow: 1931–1944. doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_2363_21. ISSN 0301-4738. PMC 9359263. PMID 35647958.
  110. ^ Badakere, Akshay; Patil- Chhablani, Preeti (2019). "<p>Orbital Apex Syndrome: A Review</p>". Eye and Brain. 11. Informa UK Limited: 63–72. doi:10.2147/eb.s180190. ISSN 1179-2744. PMC 6913296. PMID 31849556.
  111. ^ Siracusa, Rosalba; Paola, Rosanna Di; Cuzzocrea, Salvatore; Impellizzeri, Daniela (2021-04-09). "Fibromyalgia: Pathogenesis, Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatment Options Update". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (8). MDPI AG: 3891. doi:10.3390/ijms22083891. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 8068842. PMID 33918736.
  112. ^ Greenberg, Steven A. (2019-03-05). "Inclusion body myositis: clinical features and pathogenesis". Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 15 (5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 257–272. doi:10.1038/s41584-019-0186-x. ISSN 1759-4790. PMID 30837708. S2CID 71146208.
  113. ^ Betteridge, Z.; McHugh, N. (2015-11-25). "Myositis-specific autoantibodies: an important tool to support diagnosis of myositis". Journal of Internal Medicine. 280 (1). Wiley: 8–23. doi:10.1111/joim.12451. ISSN 0954-6820. PMID 26602539. S2CID 41157692.
  114. ^ Gilhus, Nils Erik; Verschuuren, Jan J (2015). "Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies". The Lancet Neurology. 14 (10). Elsevier BV: 1023–1036. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00145-3. ISSN 1474-4422. PMID 26376969. S2CID 19615369.
  115. ^ Comperat, Louis; Pegat, Antoine; Honnorat, Jérôme; Joubert, Bastien (2022-08-19). "Autoimmune neuromyotonia". Current Opinion in Neurology. 35 (5). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 597–603. doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001104. ISSN 1350-7540. PMID 35989569. S2CID 251720232.
  116. ^ Loehrer, Philipp Alexander; Zieger, Lara; Simon, Ole J. (2021-10-26). "Update on Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration". Brain Sciences. 11 (11). MDPI AG: 1414. doi:10.3390/brainsci11111414. ISSN 2076-3425. PMC 8615604. PMID 34827413.
  117. ^ Findlay, Andrew R.; Goyal, Namita A.; Mozaffar, Tahseen (2015-04-20). "An overview of polymyositis and dermatomyositis". Muscle & Nerve. 51 (5). Wiley: 638–656. doi:10.1002/mus.24566. ISSN 0148-639X. PMID 25641317. S2CID 206296273.
  118. ^ MacKay, Ian R.; Rose, Noel Richard, eds. (2014). The autoimmune diseases (Fifth ed.). [S.l.]: Academic Press. p. Chapter 70. ISBN 978-0-12-384929-8.
  119. ^ Dispenzieri A, Kyle RA, Lacy MQ, Rajkumar SV, Therneau TM, Larson DR, Greipp PR, Witzig TE, Basu R, Suarez GA, Fonseca R, Lust JA, Gertz MA (2003). "POEMS syndrome: definitions and long-term outcome". Blood. 101 (7): 2496–506. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-07-2299. PMID 12456500.
  120. ^ Lim, Megan S.; Elenitoba-Johnson, Kojo S.J. (May 2004). "The Molecular Pathology of Primary Immunodeficiencies". The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics. 6 (2): 59–83. doi:10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60493-X. PMC 1867474. PMID 15096561.
  121. ^ Hyland KV, Engman DM (2006). "Further thoughts on where we stand on the autoimmunity hypothesis of Chagas disease". Trends in Parasitology. 22 (3): 101–2, author reply 103. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2006.01.001. PMID 16446117.
  122. ^ Agustí A, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Cosio M (2003). "Hypothesis: does COPD have an autoimmune component?". Thorax. 58 (10): 832–834. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.10.832. PMC 1746486. PMID 14514931.
  123. ^ Lee SH, Goswami S, Grudo A, Song LZ, Bandi V, Goodnight-White S, Green L, Hacken-Bitar J, Huh J, Bakaeen F, Coxson HO, Cogswell S, Storness-Bliss C, Corry DB, Kheradmand F (2007). "Antielastin autoimmunity in tobacco smoking-induced emphysema". Nature Medicine. 13 (5): 567–9. doi:10.1038/nm1583. PMID 17450149. S2CID 1732877.
  124. ^ Blauwet, Lori A.; Cooper, Leslie T. (31 October 2012). "Idiopathic giant cell myocarditis and cardiac sarcoidosis". Heart Failure Reviews. 18 (6): 733–746. doi:10.1007/s10741-012-9358-3. PMID 23111533. S2CID 21558135.
  125. ^ Hallmayer J, Faraco J, Lin L, Hesselson S, Winkelmann J, Kawashima M, Mayer G, Plazzi G, Nevsimalova S, Bourgin P, Hong SC, Hong SS, Honda Y, Honda M, Högl B, Longstreth WT, Montplaisir J, Kemlink D, Einen M, Chen J, Musone SL, Akana M, Miyagawa T, Duan J, Desautels A, Erhardt C, Hesla PE, Poli F, Frauscher B, Jeong JH, Lee SP, Ton TG, Kvale M, Kolesar L, Dobrovolná M, Nepom GT, Salomon D, Wichmann HE, Rouleau GA, Gieger C, Levinson DF, Gejman PV, Meitinger T, Young T, Peppard P, Tokunaga K, Kwok PY, Risch N, Mignot E (June 2009). "Narcolepsy is strongly associated with the TCR alpha locus". Nature Genetics. 41 (6): 708–11. doi:10.1038/ng.372. PMC 2803042. PMID 19412176.
  126. ^ "Narcolepsy is an autoimmune disorder, Stanford researcher says". EurekAlert. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2009-05-03. Archived from the original on 10 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  127. ^ Mignot E (2001). "A commentary on the neurobiology of the hypocretin/orexin system". Neuropsychopharmacology. 25 (5 Suppl): S5–13. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00316-5. PMID 11682267.
  128. ^ Maret S, Tafti M (November 2005). "Genetics of narcolepsy and other major sleep disorders" (PDF). Swiss Medical Weekly. 135 (45–46): 662–5. doi:10.4414/smw.2005.11162. PMID 16453205. S2CID 14868861. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
  129. ^ Eaton WW, Byrne M, Ewald H, Mors O, Chen CY, Agerbo E, Mortensen PB (2006). "Association of schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases: linkage of Danish national registers". American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (3): 521–8. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.521. PMID 16513876.
  130. ^ Jones AL, Mowry BJ, Pender MP, Greer JM (2005). "Immune dysregulation and self-reactivity in schizophrenia: do some cases of schizophrenia have an autoimmune basis?" (PDF). Immunology and Cell Biology. 83 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01305.x. PMID 15661036. S2CID 23236916.
  131. ^ Strous RD, Shoenfeld Y (2006). "Schizophrenia, autoimmunity and immune system dysregulation: a comprehensive model updated and revisited". Journal of Autoimmunity. 27 (2): 71–80. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2006.07.006. PMID 16997531.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_autoimmune_diseases&oldid=1251112031#Skin"