Wikipedia

Consolidated PBY Catalina

(Redirected from Avalon Turbo Canso)
"OA-10" redirects here. For the forward air control aircraft, see Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II.

The Consolidated Model 28, more commonly known as the PBY Catalina (US Navy designation), is a flying boat and amphibious aircraft designed by Consolidated Aircraft in the 1930s and 1940s. In US Army service it was designated the OA-10, in Canadian service as the Canso and it later received the NATO reporting name Mop.[4] It was one of the most widely used seaplanes of World War II. Catalinas served with every branch of the United States Armed Forces and in the air forces and navies of many other nations. The last military PBYs served until the 1980s. As of 2021, 86 years after its first flight, the aircraft continues to fly as a waterbomber (or airtanker) in aerial firefighting operations in some parts of the world.

PBY Catalina
A restored OA-10 Catalina in US Army Air Corps colors
General information
TypeMaritime patrol bomber, search and rescue seaplane
National originUnited States
ManufacturerConsolidated Aircraft
Built byBoeing Canada (PB2B)
Canadian Vickers (PBV)
Consolidated Vultee (PB4)[1]
Naval Aircraft Factory (PBN)
Soviet Gidrosamolet Transportnii factory at Taganrog (GST)
Primary usersUnited States Navy
Number built3,308 (2,661 U.S.-built,[2] 620 Canadian-built, 27 Soviet-built)[3]
History
Manufactured1936–1945
Introduction dateOctober 1936, United States Navy
First flight21 March 1935
RetiredJanuary 1957 (United States Navy Reserve)
1962 (Royal Canadian Air Force)
1982 (Brazilian Air Force)
VariantsBird Innovator

Design and development

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Background

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The PBY was originally designed to be a patrol bomber, an aircraft with a long operational range intended to locate and attack enemy transport ships at sea in order to disrupt enemy supply lines.[5] With a mind to a potential conflict in the Pacific Ocean, where troops would require resupply over great distances, the U.S. Navy in the 1930s invested millions of dollars in developing long-range flying boats for this purpose. Flying boats had the advantage of not requiring runways, in effect having the entire ocean available.

Initial development

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As American dominance in the Pacific Ocean began to face competition from Japan in the 1930s, the U.S. Navy contracted Consolidated, Martin and Douglas in October 1933 to build competing prototypes for a patrol flying boat.[6] Naval doctrine of the 1930s and 1940s used flying boats in a wide variety of roles that today are handled by multiple special-purpose aircraft. The U.S. Navy had adopted the Consolidated P2Y and Martin P3M models for this role in 1931, but both aircraft were underpowered and hampered by inadequate range and limited payloads.[citation needed]

Consolidated and Douglas both delivered single prototypes of their new designs, the XP3Y-1 and XP3D-1, respectively. Consolidated's XP3Y-1 was an evolution of the XPY-1 design that had originally competed unsuccessfully for the P3M contract two years earlier and of the XP2Y design that the Navy had authorized for a limited production run. Although the Douglas aircraft was a good design, the Navy opted for Consolidated's because the projected cost was only $90,000 per aircraft.[citation needed]

 
PBY waist gunner mounting port side gun blister (1942)

Consolidated's XP3Y-1 design (company Model 28) had a parasol wing with external bracing struts, mounted on a pylon over the fuselage. Wingtip stabilizing floats were retractable in flight to form streamlined wingtips and had been licensed from the Saunders-Roe company. The two-step hull design was similar to that of the P2Y, but the Model 28 had a cantilever cruciform tail unit instead of a strut-braced twin tail. Cleaner aerodynamics gave the Model 28 better performance than earlier designs. Construction is all-metal, stressed-skin, of aluminum sheet, except the ailerons and wing trailing edge, which are fabric covered.[7]

The prototype was powered by two 825 hp (615 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1830-54 'Twin Wasp' radial engines mounted on the wing's leading edge. Armament comprised four .30 in (7.6 mm) Browning AN/M2 machine guns and up to 2,000 lb (910 kg) of bombs.

The XP3Y-1 had its maiden flight on 21 March 1935,[8] after which it was transferred to the U.S. Navy for service trials. The XP3Y-1 was a significant performance improvement over previous patrol flying boats. The Navy requested further development in order to bring the aircraft into the category of patrol bomber, and in October 1935, the prototype was returned to Consolidated for further work, including installation of 900 hp (670 kW) R-1830-64 engines. For the redesignated XPBY-1, Consolidated introduced redesigned vertical tail surfaces which resolved a problem with the tail becoming submerged on takeoff, which had made lift-off impossible under some conditions. The XPBY-1 had its maiden flight on 19 May 1936, during which a record non-stop distance flight of 3,443 mi (2,992 nmi; 5,541 km) was achieved.

The XPBY-1 was delivered to VP-11F in October 1936. The second squadron to be equipped was VP-12, which received the first of its aircraft in early 1937. The second production order was placed on 25 July 1936. Over the next three years, the design was gradually developed further and successive models introduced.

The aircraft eventually bore the name Catalina after Santa Catalina Island, California; the name was coined in November 1941, as Great Britain ordered their first 30 aircraft.[9]

PBN Nomad

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The Naval Aircraft Factory made significant modifications to the PBY design, many of which would have significantly interrupted deliveries had they been incorporated on the Consolidated production lines.[10] The new aircraft, officially known as the PBN-1 Nomad, had several differences from the basic PBY. The most obvious upgrades were to the bow, which was sharpened and extended by two feet, and to the tail, which was enlarged and featured a new shape. Other improvements included larger fuel tanks, increasing range by 50%, and stronger wings permitting a 2,000 lb (908 kg) increase in gross takeoff weight. An auxiliary power unit was installed, along with an improved electrical system, and the weapons were upgraded with continuous-feed mechanisms.[10]

138 of the 156 PBN-1s produced served with the Soviet Navy, after the NAF transferred ownership via Project Zebra (1944–1945).[11] The remaining 18 were assigned to training units at NAS Whidbey Island and the Naval Air Facility in Newport, Rhode Island.[12] Later, improvements found in the PBN such as the larger tail were incorporated into the amphibious PBY-6A.

Naming

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The designation "PBY" was determined in accordance with the U.S. Navy aircraft designation system of 1922; PB representing "Patrol Bomber" and Y being the code assigned to Consolidated Aircraft as its manufacturer. Catalinas built by other manufacturers for the U.S. Navy were designated according to different manufacturer codes, thus Canadian Vickers-built examples were designated PBV, Boeing Canada examples PB2B (there already being a Boeing PBB), Consolidated Vultee examples PB4[1] and Naval Aircraft Factory examples were designated PBN. In accordance with contemporary British naming practice of giving seaplanes service named after coastal port towns, Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) examples were named Canso, for the town of that name in Nova Scotia.[citation needed] The Royal Air Force used the name Catalina and the U.S. Navy adopted this name in 1942.[13] The United States Army Air Forces and later the United States Air Force used the designation OA-10. U.S. Navy Catalinas used in the Pacific against the Japanese for night operations were painted black overall; as a result these aircraft were sometimes referred to locally as "Black Cats".

Operational history

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A radar-equipped PBY-5A from VP-6(CG) over Greenland, in 1945

Roles in World War II

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The PBY was the most numerous aircraft of its kind, with around 3,300 aircraft built. During World War II, PBYs were used in anti-submarine warfare, patrol bombing, convoy escort, search and rescue missions (especially air-sea rescue), and cargo transport. The type operated in nearly all operational theatres of World War II. The Catalina served with distinction and played a prominent and invaluable role in the war against Japan.

These patrol planes shared with land based patrol bombers the combat roles while the very long range Consolidated LB-30 Liberator and the Consolidated Coronado were pressed into service to increase the all important logistic strategic air lift capability in the vast Pacific theater. The pairings allowed the Catalina to take on the role of eyes of the fleets at longer ranges than the floatplane scouts.

Several different flying boats were adopted by the Navy, but the PBY was the most widely used and produced.

 
PBY riding at sea anchor

Although the Catalina was slow and ungainly, Allied forces used the aircraft in a wide variety of roles for which it was never intended. PBYs are remembered for their rescue role, in which they saved the lives of hundreds of aircrew downed over water. Catalina airmen called their aircraft the "Cat" on combat missions and "Dumbo" in air-sea rescue service.[14]

The Catalina scored the U.S. Navy's first credited air-to-air "kill" of a Japanese airplane in the Pacific War. On 10 December 1941, the Japanese attacked the Cavite Navy Yard in the Philippines. Numerous U.S. ships and submarines were damaged or destroyed by bombs and bomb fragments. While flying to safety during the raid on Cavite, Lieutenant Harmon T. Utter's PBY was attacked by three Japanese Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero carrier fighters. Chief Boatswain Earl D. Payne, Utter's bow gunner, shot down one, thus scoring the U.S. Navy's first kill. Utter, as a commander, later coordinated the carrier air strikes that led to the destruction of the Japanese battleship Yamato.[15][16]

The Catalina performed one of the first offensive operations against the Japanese by the US. On 27 December 1941, six Catalinas of Patrol Squadron 101 bombed Japanese shipping at Jolo Island against heavy fighter opposition, with four Catalinas lost.[15]

Anti-submarine warfare

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Catalinas were the most extensively used anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft in both the Atlantic and Pacific theaters of World War II, and were also used in the Indian Ocean, flying from the Seychelles and from Ceylon. Their duties included escorting the Arctic convoys to Murmansk. By 1943, U-boats were well-armed with anti-aircraft guns and two Victoria Crosses were won by Catalina pilots pressing home their attacks on U-boats in the face of heavy fire: Flying Officer John Cruickshank of the RAF, in 1944, received the award for sinking what was believed to be U-347 (although now known to have been U-361[17]) and in the same year RCAF Flight Lieutenant David Hornell received the decoration posthumously for the sinking of U-1225. Their aircraft was damaged in the fight before it sunk the U-boat and Hornell (with two other crew) died from exposure. Catalinas destroyed 40 U-boats, but not without losses of their own. A Brazilian Catalina attacked and sank U-199 in Brazilian waters on 31 July 1943. Later, the aircraft was baptized as "Arará", in memory of the merchant ship of that name which was sunk by another U-boat.[18]

Maritime patrol

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PBY-5A of VP-61 over the Aleutian Islands, 1943

In their role as patrol aircraft, Catalinas participated in some of the most notable naval engagements of World War II. The aircraft's parasol wing and large waist blisters provided excellent visibility and combined with its long range and endurance, made it well suited for the task.

An RAF Coastal Command Catalina flying from Castle Archdale Flying boat base, Lower Lough Erne, Northern Ireland, located the German battleship Bismarck on 26 May 1941, some 690 nmi (1,280 km; 790 mi) northwest of Brest. Bismarck was attempting to evade Royal Navy forces as she sought to join other Kriegsmarine forces in Brest.[note 1][19][20][21][22][23] This sighting eventually led to the destruction of the German battleship.

On 7 December 1941, before the Japanese amphibious landings on Kota Bharu, Malaya, their invasion force was approached by a Catalina flying boat of No. 205 Squadron RAF. The aircraft was shot down by five Nakajima Ki-27 fighters before it could radio its report to air headquarters in Singapore.[24] Flying Officer Patrick Bedell, commanding the Catalina, and his seven crew members became the first Allied casualties in the war with Japan.[25] Patrol Wing 10 of the U.S. Asiatic Fleet had 44 Catalinas under its command but lost 41 within 90 days. Patrol Wing 10 also lost its main seaplane tender, USS Langley, to Japanese aircraft during the Dutch East Indies Campaign while it was transporting 32 Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter planes.[26][27]

A flight of Catalinas spotted the Japanese fleet approaching Midway Island, beginning the Battle of Midway.[28]

 
Squadron Leader Leonard Birchall aboard a Consolidated Catalina before being shot down and captured by the Japanese near Ceylon

A RCAF Canso flown by Squadron Leader L.J. Birchall foiled Japanese plans to destroy the Royal Navy's Indian Ocean fleet on 4 April 1942 when it detected the Japanese carrier fleet approaching Ceylon.[29]

Night attack and naval interdiction

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During the Battle of Midway, four U.S. Navy PBYs of Patrol Squadrons 24 and 51 made a night torpedo attack on the Japanese fleet on the night of 3–4 June 1942, scoring one hit which damaged the fleet oiler Akebono Maru, the only successful American torpedo attack in the entire battle.[30]

During the Guadalcanal campaign, some U.S. Navy PBYs were painted matte black and sent on night bombing, torpedoing, and strafing missions against Japanese supply vessels and warships, including conducting interdiction raids on the Tokyo Express. These PBYs were later called "Black Cats". Subsequently, special squadrons of Black Cats were formed, commencing in December 1942 with VP-12, with an additional thirteen squadrons coming into service thereafter.[note 2] Flying slowly at night, dipping to ship mast height, the Black Cats bombed, strafed, and torpedoed all kinds of Japanese vessels, sinking or damaging thousands of tons of shipping. The Black Cats also performed bombing, strafing and harassment regarding land based Japanese installations, as well as conducting reconnaissance and search and rescue operations. The Black Cat squadrons continued to be active into 1944 with the PB4Y-2 beginning to come in service in greater numbers and replacing the PBYs, the last Black Cat squadrons returning to the U.S. in early 1945.[31][32]

The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) also operated Catalinas as night raiders, with four squadrons Nos. 11, 20, 42, and 43 laying mines from 23 April 1943 until July 1945 in the southwest Pacific deep in Japanese-held waters, bottling up ports and shipping routes and forcing ships into deeper waters to become targets for U.S. submarines; they tied up the major strategic ports such as Balikpapan which shipped 80% of Japanese oil supplies. In late 1944, their mining missions sometimes exceeded 20 hours in duration and were carried out from as low as 200 ft (61 m) in the dark. Operations included trapping the Japanese fleet in Manila Bay in assistance of General Douglas MacArthur's landing at Mindoro in the Philippines. Australian Catalinas also operated out of Jinamoc in the Leyte Gulf, and mined ports on the Chinese coast from Hong Kong to as far north as Wenzhou. Both USN and RAAF Catalinas regularly mounted nuisance night bombing raids on Japanese bases, with the RAAF claiming the slogan "The First and the Furthest". Targets of these raids included a major base at Rabaul. RAAF aircrews, like their U.S. Navy counterparts, employed "terror bombs", ranging from scrap metal and rocks to empty beer bottles with razor blades inserted into the necks, to produce high-pitched screams as they fell, keeping Japanese soldiers awake and scrambling for cover.[33] There was a Catalina base on Drimmie Head on the Gove Peninsula in the Northern Territory.[34]

Search and rescue

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Search and Rescue OA-10 at USAF Museum

Catalinas were employed by every branch of the U.S. military as rescue aircraft. A PBY piloted by LCDR Adrian Marks (USN) rescued 56 sailors in high seas from the heavy cruiser Indianapolis after the ship was sunk during World War II. When there was no more room inside, the crew tied sailors to the wings. The aircraft could not fly in this state; instead it acted as a lifeboat, protecting the sailors from exposure and the risk of shark attack, until rescue ships arrived. Catalinas continued to function in the search-and-rescue role for decades after the end of the war.

Early commercial use

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Flight steward Max White at work on board a Qantas Empire Airways Catalina aircraft en route from Suva to Sydney in January 1949 with young passenger Jennifer Grey
Further information: The Double Sunrise

Catalinas were also used for commercial air travel. For example, Qantas Empire Airways flew commercial passengers from Suva to Sydney, a journey of 2,060 miles (3,320 km), which in 1949 took two days.[35] The longest commercial flights (in terms of time aloft) ever made in aviation history were the Qantas flights flown weekly from 29 June 1943 through July 1945 over the Indian Ocean, dubbed the Double Sunrise. Qantas offered non-stop service between Perth and Colombo, a distance of 3,592 nmi (4,134 mi; 6,652 km). As the Catalina typically cruised at 110 kn (130 mph; 200 km/h), this took from 28 to 32 hours and was called the "flight of the double sunrise", since the passengers saw two sunrises during their non-stop journey. The flight was made in radio silence because of the possibility of Japanese attack and had a maximum payload of 1,000 lb (450 kg) or three passengers plus 143 lb (65 kg) of military and diplomatic mail.[36]

Post-World War II employment

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Civilian Catalina, modified for aerial firefighting, arrives at the Seaplane Base, NAS Whidbey Island, Oak Harbor, Washington, 18 September 2009

An Australian PBY named "Frigate Bird II", an ex RAAF aircraft, registered VH-ASA, made the first trans-Pacific flight across the South Pacific between Australia and Chile in 1951 by (Sir) Gordon Taylor,[37] making numerous stops at islands along the way for refueling, meals, and overnight sleep of its crew, flown from Sydney to Quintero in Chile after making initial landfall at Valparaiso via Tahiti and Easter Island.[38] One of six ordered by the RAAF was used as part of the air route across the Pacific from Sydney to Valparaiso, is in the collection of the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences in Sydney.[39]

With the end of the war, all of the flying boat versions of the Catalina were quickly retired from the U.S. Navy, but the amphibious versions remained in service for some years. The last Catalina in U.S. service was a PBY-6A operating with a Naval Reserve squadron, which was retired from use on 3 January 1957.[6] The Catalina subsequently equipped the world's smaller armed services into the late 1960s in fairly substantial numbers.

The U.S. Air Force's Strategic Air Command used Catalinas (designated OA-10s) in service as scout aircraft from 1946 through 1947.

The Brazilian Air Force flew Catalinas in naval air patrol missions against German submarines starting in 1943. The flying boats also carried out air mail deliveries. In 1948, a transport squadron was formed and equipped with PBY-5As converted to the role of amphibious transports. The 1st Air Transport Squadron (ETA-1) was based in the port city of Belem and flew Catalinas and C-47s until 1982. Catalinas were convenient for supplying military detachments scattered along the Amazon. They reached places that were otherwise accessible only by helicopters. The ETA-1 insignia was a winged turtle with the motto "Though slowly, I always get there". Today, the last Brazilian Catalina (a former RCAF one) is displayed at the Airspace Museum (MUSAL) in Rio de Janeiro.[40]

 
PBY-6A Catalina drops a load of water from its bomb-bay

Jacques-Yves Cousteau used a PBY-6A (N101CS) to support his diving expeditions. His second son, Philippe, was killed in an accident in this aircraft that occurred on the Tagus River near Lisbon. The Catalina nosed over during a high-speed taxi run undertaken to check the hull for leakage following a water landing. The aircraft turned upside down, causing the fuselage to break behind the cockpit. The wing separated from the fuselage and the left engine broke off, penetrating the captain's side of the cockpit.[41]

Paul Mantz converted an unknown number of surplus Catalinas to flying yachts at his Orange County California hangar in the late 1940s and early 1950s.[citation needed]

 
OA-10A converted by Steward-Davis Inc to their Super Cat standard. It is additionally fitted out for survey work for Geoterrex Inc

Steward-Davis converted several Catalinas to their Super Catalina standard (later known as Super Cat), which replaced the usual 1,200 hp (890 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp engines with Wright R-2600 Cyclone 14 engines of 1,700 hp (1,300 kW). A larger, squared-off rudder was installed to compensate for the increased yaw which the more powerful engines could generate. The Super Catalina also had extra cabin windows and other alterations.[42]

Of the few dozen remaining airworthy Catalinas, the majority are in use as aerial firefighting aircraft.[citation needed] China Airlines, the official airline of the Republic of China (Taiwan) was founded with two Catalina amphibians.[43]

Possible revival

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In July 2023 a company called Catalina Aircraft, current holder of the Type Certificates for the Catalina, announced an intent to build the Catalina II, a new aircraft on the basic design principles of the original Catalina but using turboprop engines and other modern aviation tools.[44][45] Deliveries are said to commence by 2029.[44]

Catalina affair

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Main article: Catalina affair
 
Swedish Catalina after being shot down by Soviet MiG-15 fighters in June 1952. The air crew was saved by a nearby ship.

The Catalina Affair is the name given to a Cold War incident in which a Swedish Air Force search and rescue/maritime patrol Catalina (Swedish designation "TP 47") was shot down by Soviet MiG 15 fighters over the Baltic Sea in June 1952 while investigating the disappearance of a Swedish Douglas DC-3 (later found to have been shot down by Soviet MiG-15s while on a signals intelligence mission; it was found in 2003 and raised 2004–2005).

Variants

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An estimated 4,051 Catalinas, Cansos, and GSTs of all versions were produced between June 1937 and May 1945 for the U.S. Navy, the United States Army Air Forces, the United States Coast Guard, Allied nations and civilian customers.

US Navy

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XP3Y-1
Prototype Model 28 flying boat later re-designated XPBY-1, one built (USN Bureau No. 9459). Later fitted with a 48 feet (15 m) diameter ring to detonate magnetic sea mines. A 550 hp (410 kW) Ranger engine drove a generator to produce the magnetic field.[46]
 
Prototype Model 28 flying boat, later re-designated XPBY-1.
XPBY-1
Prototype version of the Model 28 for the United States Navy, a re-engined XP3Y-1 with two 900 hp (670 kW) R-1830-64 engines, one built.
PBY-1 (Model 28-1)
Initial production variant with two 900 hp (670 kW) R-1830-64 engines, 60 built.
PBY-2 (Model 28-2)
Equipment changes and improved performance, 50 built.
PBY-3 (Model 28-3)
Powered by two 1,000 hp (750 kW) R-1830-66 engines, 66 built.
PBY-4 (Model 28-4)
Powered by two 1,050 hp (780 kW) R-1830-72 engines, 33 built (including one initial as a XPBY-4 which later became the XPBY-5A).
PBY-5 (Model 28-5)
Either two 1,200 hp (890 kW) R-1830-82 or −92 engines and provision for extra fuel tanks (with partial self-sealing protection). 683 built (plus one built at New Orleans), some aircraft to the RAF as the Catalina IVA and one to the United States Coast Guard. The PBY-5 was also built in the Soviet Union as the GST.
XPBY-5A
One PBY-4 converted into an amphibian and first flown in November 1939.
 
A United States Coast Guard PBY-5A at Tern Island in 1953
PBY-5A (Model 28-5A)
Amphibious version of the PBY-5 with two 1,200 hp (890 kW) R-1830-92 engines, first batch (of 124) had one 0.3 in (7.6 mm) bow gun, the remainder had two bow guns; 803 built including diversions to the United States Army Air Forces, the RAF (as the Catalina IIIA) and one to the United States Coast Guard.
PBY-5R
The XPBY-5A converted into a staff transport, with amphibious gear and nose turret removed and additional windows added.
 
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force PBY-6A
PBY-6A
Amphibious version with two 1,200 hp (890 kW) R-1830-92 engines and a taller fin and rudder. Radar scanner fitted above cockpit and two 0.5 in (12.7 mm) nose guns; 175 built including 21 transferred to the Soviet Navy.
PBY-6AG
One PBY-6A used by the United States Coast Guard as a staff transport.
PB2B-1
Boeing Canada built PBY-5 flying boat for the RAF and RCAF from 1942. 240 built.
PB2B-1A
Boeing Canada built PBY-5A amphibious aircraft for the RCAF from 1943. 55 built.[47]
PB2B-2
Boeing Canada version of the PBY-5 but with the taller PBN-1 fin. 67 built. Most to the RAF as the Catalina VI.
PB4-54
Consolidated Vultee version of the PBY-5A.[1]
PBN-1 Nomad
Naval Aircraft Factory version of the PBY-5 with major modification including a 2 ft (0.61 m) bow extension, modified hull lines and step, re-designed tip floats and tail surfaces and a revised electrical system. 155 were built for delivery to the RAF as the Catalina V although 138 were Lend-Leased to the Soviet Navy as the KM-1
PBV-1A
Canadian Vickers built version of the PBY-5A, 380 built including 150 to the RCAF as the Canso "A" and the rest to the USAAF as the OA-10A.

United States Army Air Forces

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USAAF OA-10 with crew
 
SA-10A, USAF 4th Rescue Group, Hamilton AFB, California, 1952. Sold in 1958 to Cuban Air Force as 191
 
SA-10A painted to resemble an OA-10A
OA-10
USAAF designation for the PBY-5A (OA = observation/amphibian). 105 built (56 transferred from the US Navy). 58 surviving aircraft were redesignated to A-10 on 11 June 1948 (A = amphibian). Search and rescue versions were designated SA-10 (SA = search/amphibian).[48]
OA-10A
USAAF designation for the PBV-1A. 230 transferred from the US Navy. Surviving aircraft were redesignated to A-10A on 11 June 1948. Search and rescue versions were designated SA-10A. Three additional aircraft were transferred from the US Navy in 1949 as SA-10As.[48]
OA-10B
USAAF designation for the PBY-6A. 75 transferred from the US Navy. Surviving aircraft were redesignated to A-10B on 11 June 1948. Search and rescue versions were designated SA-10B.[48]

Royal Air Force

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No. 205 Squadron RAF Catalina Is being serviced at RAF Seletar, Singapore.
Catalina I
Direct purchase aircraft for the Royal Air Force, same as the PBY-5 with six 0.303 in (7.7 mm) guns (one in bow, four in waist blisters and one aft of the hull step) and powered by two 1,200 hp (890 kW) R-1830-S1C3-G engines, 109 built.
Catalina IA
Operated by the Royal Canadian Air Force as the Canso, 14 built.
Catalina IB
Lend-lease PBY-5Bs for the RAF, 225 aircraft built.
Catalina II
Equipment changes, six built.
Catalina IIA
Vickers-Canada built Catalina II for the RAF, 50 built.
Catalina IIIA
Former U.S. Navy PBY-5As used by the RAF on the North Atlantic Ferry Service, 12 aircraft. These were the only amphibians that saw RAF service.
Catalina IVA
Lend-lease PBY-5s for the RAF, 93 aircraft.
 
Boeing Canada built PB2B-1 in Canadian service as a Catalina IVB.
Catalina IVB
Lend-lease PB2B-1s for the RAF, some to the Royal Australian Air Force.
Catalina VI
Lend-lease PB2B-2s for the RAF, some to the RAAF.

Royal Canadian Air Force

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Restored ex-RCAF Canso A (PBV-1A) in US Navy colors, England, 2009.
Canso
PB2B-1 flying boats for the RCAF. 17 built.[49][50]
Canso A
PBV-1A and PB2B-1A amphibious aircraft produced for the RCAF (A = amphibious). 150 PBV-1A and 55 PB2B-1A built.[49][50]
Canso 2F
Canso A rebuilt as unarmed cargo aircraft (F = freight). Some fitted with Rebecca transponding radar for navigation and some aircraft also carried LORAN.[51]
Canso 2SR
Canso A rebuilt as unarmed search and rescue aircraft (SR = search/rescue). Some fitted with Rebecca transponding radar for navigation and some aircraft also carried LORAN.[51]

Other users

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GST
Soviet designation for transport versions of the PBY-5 ("Gydro Samoliot Transportnyi" - transport seaplane).
 
Swedish Air Force "TP 47" Catalina on display at the Swedish Air Force museum in Linköping, Sweden
TP 47
Swedish designation for three unarmed Consolidated Vultee PB4-54 amphibious aircraft used by the Swedish air force from 1946 to 1958 (TP = transport).[1] These were modified with search radars in the nose turret during the early 1950s.
CA-10
In the 1950s several civilian Catalinas were converted as CA-10 cargo transport aircraft, the name being derived from the USAF A-10 (C = cargo).[48]
Steward-Davis Super Catalina ("Super Cat")
Catalina converted to use 1,700 hp (1,300 kW) Wright R-2600 Cyclone 14 engines, with enlarged rudder and other changes.
Avalon Turbo Canso
A proposed turboprop conversion of Canso water bombers, powered by two Rolls-Royce Dart engines.
NGAA Catalina II
A proposed modernized version of the Catalina ("Next Generation Amphibious Aircraft"), developed by Catalina Aircraft Systems which holds ownership of the PBY-5's type certificate as of 2023. The design has been proposed in civil and military versions.[52][53]

Production

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deliveries of production Consolidated variants to US Navy only
Model Production period Quantity
PBY-1 Sep 1936 – Jun 1937
60
PBY-2 May 1937 – Feb 1938
50
PBY-3 Nov 1936 – Aug 1938
66
PBY-4 May 1938 – Jun 1939
32
PBY-5 Sep 1940 – Jul 1943
684
PBY-5A Oct 1941 – Jan 1945[54]
802
PBY-6A Jan 1945 – May 1945[54]
175

Operators

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Main article: List of PBY Catalina operators

Surviving aircraft

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Main article: List of surviving Consolidated PBY Catalinas

Specifications (PBY-5A)

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Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina drawing

Data from Encyclopedia of World Air Power,[55] Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II,[54] Handbook of Erection and Maintenance Instructions for Navy Model PBY-5 and PBY-5A Airplanes,[56] and Quest for Performance.[57]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 8 — pilot, co-pilot, bow turret gunner, flight mechanic, radioman, navigator and two waist gunners
  • Length: 63 ft 10.875 in (19.47863 m)
  • Wingspan: 104 ft (32 m)
  • Height: 21 ft 1 in (6.43 m)
  • Wing area: 1,400 sq ft (130 m2)
  • Aspect ratio: 7.73
  • Empty weight: 20,910 lb (9,485 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 35,420 lb (16,066 kg)
  • Zero-lift drag coefficient: 0.0309
  • Drag area: 43.26 ft2 (4.02 m2)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-1830-92 Twin Wasp 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 1,200 hp (890 kW) each
  • Propellers: 3-bladed constant-speed propellers

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 196 mph (315 km/h, 170 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 125 mph (201 km/h, 109 kn)
  • Range: 2,520 mi (4,060 km, 2,190 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 15,800 ft (4,800 m)
  • Rate of climb: 1,000 ft/min (5.1 m/s)
  • Lift-to-drag: 11.9
  • Wing loading: 25.3 lb/sq ft (124 kg/m2)
  • Power/mass: 0.067 hp/lb (0.110 kW/kg)

Armament

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Smith was one of nine American officers assigned to the RAF as special observers.
  2. ^ Black Cat squadrons included then designated as VP-11, VP-12, VP-23, VP-24, VP-33, VP-34, VP-44, VP-52, VP-53, VP-54, VP-71, VP-81, VP-91, and VP-101.

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d "Inglasat fotografi på Tp 47". digitaltmuseum.se. Swedish Air Force. Retrieved 16 May 2024. Inglasat foto på Tp 47 - The Consolidated Vultee Consolidated PB4-54 "Catalina" 1946-1958.
  2. ^ Legg 2002, p. 285.
  3. ^ Kinville, Patrick (7 March 2017). "The Soviet PBY Catalinas of WWII". VVS AIR WAR - The Soviet Air Forces at War. VVS Warbirds. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  4. ^ Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1955-56 p. 188
  5. ^ "PBY Catalina". Naval History and Heritage CommandPBY: Catalina. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  6. ^ a b Cacutt 1989, pp. 187–194.
  7. ^ "Catalina Aircraft – Description – Specifications". catalinaflying.org.au. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  8. ^ Wegg 1990, p. 70
  9. ^ Creed 1985, p. 48.
  10. ^ a b Bridgeman 1946, p. 247.
  11. ^ Trimble, William (1990). Wings for the Navy: a history of the Naval Aircraft Factory, 1917-1956. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. pp. 248–249. ISBN 9780870216633.
  12. ^ "Naval Aircraft Factory PBN-1 Nomad." Aviation Enthusiast Corner. Retrieved: 14 November 2017.
  13. ^ Gunston 1986, p. 63.
  14. ^ Weathered, William W. "Comment and Discussion". United States Naval Institute Proceedings, October 1968.
  15. ^ a b "The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II--1941". The Public's Library and Digital Archive. 9 March 1941. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  16. ^ Hollenbach, Jeffrey (15 April 1941). "Maritime Patrol Innovation: USN PBY Catalina Squadrons in the Pacific Area of Operations. 1941-1945" (PDF). USMC Command and Staff College. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  17. ^ Hofmann, Markus. "U 347". Deutsche U-Boote 1935–1945 – u-boot-archiv.de (in German). Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  18. ^ "O Brasil na WWII: ‘Arará’, o Catalina que destruiu o U-199" (in Portuguese). naval.com, 8 November 2008. Retrieved: 15 February 2011.
  19. ^ Miller 1997, p. 162.
  20. ^ Smith, Leonard B. "Bismarck: The Report of the Scouting and Search for Bismarck by Ensign Smith." Archived 5 December 2010 at the Library of Congress Web Archives Naval History & Heritage (Frequently asked questions), 9 June 1941. Retrieved: 18 June 2010.
  21. ^ "Bismarck: British/American Cooperation and the Destruction of the German Battleship." Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine Naval History & Heritage (Frequently asked questions), 4 November 2009. Retrieved: 18 June 2010.
  22. ^ "Flying-boats in Fermanagh." Archived 2012-07-20 at the Wayback Machine Inland Waterways News, Inland Waterways Association of Ireland, Spring 2002. Retrieved: 20 May 2012.
  23. ^ "Castle Archdale Country Park." Archived 2009-05-01 at the Wayback Machine Northern Ireland Environment Agency. Retrieved: 19 July 2009.
  24. ^ Alan Warren (2007), page 86
  25. ^ L, Klemen; Kossen, Bert; Bernaudin, Pierre-Emmanuel; Niehorster, Dr. Leo; Takizawa, Akira; Carr, Sean; Broshot, Jim; Leulliot, Nowfel (1999–2000). "Seventy minutes before Pearl Harbor – The landing at Kota Bharu, Malaya, on December 7, 1941". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.
  26. ^ "H-003-3 the Valor of the Asiatic Fleet". www.history.navy.mil. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  27. ^ "US Patrol Wing 10 in the Dutch East Indies, 1942". warfare.ihostfull.com. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  28. ^ . "Scouting and Early Attacks from Midway, 3–4 June 1942". Archived 13 April 2010 at the Library of Congress Web Archives United States Naval Historical Center, 1999. Retrieved: 18 June 2010.
  29. ^ Greenhous et al. 1994, p. 386.
  30. ^ "Online Library of Selected Images: World War II in the Pacific: Battle of Midway". Hyperwar. Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  31. ^ Perry, Mike (21 October 2012). "Military History- Black Cats Rule the Night". SOFREP. The SOFREP Media Group. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  32. ^ Crocker, Mel (1987). Black Cats and Dumbos: WWII's Fighting PBY's (Second ed.). Huntington Beach, CA: Crocker Media Expressions. pp. 232–237, 246–247. ISBN 0971290105. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  33. ^ Gaunt and Cleeworth 2000.
  34. ^ "Gunyangara". PastMasters. 26 February 1978. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  35. ^ "Jennifer Grey Goes by Air". Qantas Empire Airways. 15 (3): 11. March 1949.
  36. ^ "The Catalinas." Qantas history. Retrieved: 26 October 2011
  37. ^ THE SKY BEYOND, Sir Gordon Taylor
  38. ^ "SHORT SANDRINGHAM F-OBIP". qam.com.au. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  39. ^ Simpson, Margaret. "Catalina flying boat 'Frigate Bird II'". Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences.
  40. ^ "Consolidated Vultee 28 (PBY-5A/C-10A) Catalina." MUSAL. Retrieved: 18 June 2010.
  41. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Consolidated PBY-6A Catalina N101CS Alverca." Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved: 30 October 2011.
  42. ^ Legg 2002, p. 31.
  43. ^ Best 2013, p. 107
  44. ^ a b "Catalina Aircraft announces rebirth of iconic WW2 amphibious aircraft". Aerotime Hub, July 25, 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  45. ^ "Iconic Catalina Flying Boat To Be Resurrected as New Production Transport Category Turboprop". Vintage Aviation News, August 4, 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  46. ^ Hayward, John T., VADM USN. "Comment and Discussion" United States Naval Institute Proceedings, August 1978, p. 24.
  47. ^ E. R. Johnson (2009). American Flying Boats and Amphibious Aircraft, An Illustrated History (PDF). McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 100–101. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  48. ^ a b c d Jos Heyman. "UNITED STATES MILITARY AIRCRAFT" (PDF). usmilitaryaircraft.files.wordpress.com. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  49. ^ a b Wikene, I. (1979). "Canso & Catalina In The R.C.A.F". In Wilkinson, Les (ed.). I'll Never Forget...Canadian Aviation In The Second World War. Willowdale, Ontario: Canadian Aviation Historical Society. pp. 48. ISBN 0-920610-00-5.
  50. ^ a b W. A. B. Douglas (1987). La creation d'une aviation militaire nationale, Histoire officielle de 1'Aviation royale du Canada, Tome II (PDF) (in French). Canada: Ministère de la Défense Nationale du Canada. p. 443. ISBN 9780660925059. Retrieved 11 February 2023. Ces 50 avions comportaient des modifications prescrites par Mat-major de 1'Air canadien et etaient les premiers de ce type h porter la designation "Canso" - Canso "A" pour la version amphibie - au sein de 1'ARC (les neuf Catalina que la RAF avait prztks avaient 6t6 construits selon des specifications britanniques quelque peu differentes et continukrent donc de porter ce nom).
  51. ^ a b EO 05-60A-1, Pilots operating instructions, Canso 2F and 2SR, Issued on Authority of the Chief of the Air Staff (PDF). Royal Canadian Air Force. 1954. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  52. ^ Altman, Howard (25 July 2023). "Reviving the PBY Catalina for Modern Warfare is This Company's Goal". The Drive / The War Zone.
  53. ^ Niles, Russ (27 July 2023). "Company Plans To Build New PBY Catalinas". AVweb. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  54. ^ a b c Bridgeman 1946, p. 218.
  55. ^ Gunston, Bill, ed. Encyclopedia of World Air Power. London: Aerospace Publishing Ltd, 1981. ISBN 0-517-53754-0.
  56. ^ Handbook of Erection and Maintenance Instructions for Navy Model PBY-5 and PBY-5A Airplanes
  57. ^ Loftin, L. K., Jr. "Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft." Archived 29 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine NASA SP-468. Retrieved: 18 June 2010.

Bibliography

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  • Crocker, Mel. Black Cats and Dumbos: WW II's Fighting PBYs. Huntington Beach, California: Crocker Media Expressions, 2002. ISBN 0-9712901-0-5.
  • Dorny, Louis B. US Navy PBY Catalina Units of the Pacific War. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1-84176-911-8.
  • Freeman, Elmer (1984). Those Navy Guys and Their PBY's: The Aleutian Solution. Spokane, Wash.: Kedging Publishing Co. ISBN 0-9632463-0-5.
  • Gaunt, Coral and Robert Cleworth. Cats at War: Story of RAAF Catalinas in the Asia Pacific Theatre of War. Roseville, NSW Australia: J.R. Cleworth, 2000. ISBN 978-1-86408-586-0.
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Further reading

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  • Mormillo, Frank B. (March–April 1999). "Call for Fire Attack!: A 'One-two' Formation by Mars and PBY Might Still Outclass the Modern Options". Air Enthusiast (80): 5–11. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix (2009). Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix (ed.). JRF Goose, PBY Catalina, PBM Mariner & HU-16 Albatros. Serie Aeronaval (in Spanish). Vol. 25. Bahía Blanca, Argentina: Fuerzas Aeronavales. ISBN 9789872055745. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  • Pomeroy, Colin A. (July–August 2002). "Bermudian 'Boats: Snapshots of the RAF Flying-boat Era in Bermuda". Air Enthusiast. No. 100. pp. 40–45. ISSN 0143-5450.
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