Wikipedia

Kawasaki-type oiler

The Kawasaki-type oiler (川崎型油槽船,, Kawasaki-gata Yusōsen) was a type of oiler from Japan, serving during the 1930s and World War II. They do not have an official class name.[1] Therefore, this article uses common class names. And, this type has some variants. This article handles them collectively.

Kyokutō Maru (left), Kokuyō Maru, Nippon Maru and Shinkoku Maru (right) on 1 December 1941
Class overview
Name
  • Kawasaki-type oilers
  • Tōa Maru class
  • Tatekawa Maru class
  • Nisshō Maru class
  • Kuroshio Maru class
  • Akatsuki Maru class
Builders
Operators
Preceded byFujisan Maru
Succeeded byType 1TL wartime standard ship
CostTōa Maru: 2,600,000 JPY
Built1933 – 1943
In commission1934 – 1964
Planned17
Completed17
Lost17
Retired(1)
General characteristics
TypeOiler
Displacementapprox. 10,000 long tons (10,160 t)
Lengtharound 152 m (498 ft 8 in) Lpp
Beamaround 20.0 m (65 ft 7 in)
Draughtaround 11.4 m (37 ft 5 in)
Propulsion
  • 1 × diesel, single shaft,
  • around 10,000 bhp
  • or boiler and turbine
Speedaround 20 knots (23 mph; 37 km/h)
Armament
  • (example)
  • Shinkoku Maru, 1941
  • 2 × 150 mm (5.9 in) naval guns
  • 2 × 76.2 mm (3.00 in) AA guns
  • 2 × 7.7 mm machine guns
  • Gen'yo Maru, 1941
  • 2 × 76.2 mm (3.00 in) AA guns
  • 2 × Type 96 25 mm AA guns
  • Itsukushima Maru, 1944
  • 1 × 120 mm (4.7 in) naval gun
  • 16 × Type 96 25 mm AA guns
  • 18 × depth charges
  • 1 × Type 93 hydrophone
  • Kyokutō Maru, 1944
  • 2 × 120 mm (4.7 in) AA guns
  • 16 × Type 96 25 mm AA guns
  • Nichiei Maru, 1944
  • 2 × 120 mm (4.7 in) AA guns
  • 16 × Type 96 25 mm AA guns
  • 12 × depth charges
  • 1 × Type 93 hydrophone

Background

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Iino Lines Fujisan Maru
  • The London Naval Treaty forced shrinkage of a budget to the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). And it meant the cooling of the Japanese shipbuilding industry worlds. The Great Depression accelerated it more. The IJN wanted to update their Notoro-class oilers and Ondo-class oilers, because these oilers were not able to chase the aircraft carrier.
  • In 1929, the IJN decided their combat ship (battleship, aircraft carrier, cruiser, destroyer, submarine and torpedo boat) fuel only to heavy crude oil. And, the IJN was paid a grant to newly build large/high-speed tankers.
  • In 1931, two marine transportation companies built the tankers which the IJN wanted. One was the 9,900 tons/17.5 knot Teiyō Maru, the other the 9,500 tons/18.8 knots Fujisan Maru.
  • The IJN was satisfied by Fujisan Maru. The IJN recommended building of the improved Fujisan Maru class tanker.

Construction

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  • In 1932, the Iino Kaiun Kaisha (飯野海運,, Iino Lines) ordered two tankers Tōa Maru and Kyokutō Maru to the Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation. In total 17 tankers were built with the same basic drawings, until 1943.
  • All sisters participated to World War II. However, they were not able to survive at all.

Ships in classes

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Tōa Maru class

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  • This is the first production model of the Kawasaki-type tankers. Their success gave courage to other steamship companies.
Subsidy # Name Builder Laid down Launched Completed Owner
13 Tōa Maru (東亜丸) Kawasaki, Kōbe Shipyard 24 April 1933 2 April 1934 23 June 1934 Iino Lines
18 Kyokutō Maru (極東丸, 旭東丸) [2] Kawasaki, Kōbe Shipyard 25 November 1933 11 October 1934 15 December 1934 Iino Lines

Tatekawa Maru class

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  • The second production model. They were built according to the same Tōa Maru class drawings. However, their details were different by the steamship company which they placed an order with (example: Nippon Maru removed one dry cargo hold). Narrow sense of the Kawasaki-type tanker was until the Kyūei Maru. Kyūei Maru was equipped for surplus stocks of the Argentina Maru machinery.
Subsidy # Name Builder Laid down Launched Completed Owner
Tatekawa Maru (建川丸) Kawasaki, Kōbe Shipyard 20 October 1934 20 April 1935 30 June 1935 Kawasaki Line
Nippon Maru (日本丸) Kawasaki, Kōbe Shipyard 18 October 1935 24 April 1936 30 June 1936 Yamashita Line
Tōhō Maru (東邦丸) Kawasaki, Kōbe Shipyard 1 May 1936 31 October 1936 24 December 1936 Iino Lines
101 Itsukushima Maru (厳島丸) Kawasaki, Kōbe Shipyard 21 April 1937 4 September 1937 20 December 1937 Nippon Suisan
102 Gen'yō Maru (玄洋丸) Kawasaki, Kōbe Shipyard 12 June 1937 30 December 1937 28 April 1938 Asano Bussan
104 Nichiei Maru (日栄丸) Kawasaki, Kōbe Shipyard 4 September 1937 15 April 1938 30 June 1938 Nittō Mining
Tōei Maru (東栄丸) Kawasaki, Kōbe Shipyard 15 April 1938 24 October 1938 21 February 1939 Nittō Mining
106 Kokuyō Maru (国洋丸) Kawasaki, Kōbe Shipyard 17 June 1938 26 December 1938 16 May 1939 Kokuyō Line
Ken'yō Maru (健洋丸) Kawasaki, Kōbe Shipyard 29 June 1938 6 April 1939 28 October 1939 Kokuyō Line
107 Shinkoku Maru (神国丸) Kawasaki, Kōbe Shipyard 25 October 1938 13 December 1939 28 February 1940 Kōbe Pier
Kyūei Maru (久栄丸) Kawasaki, Kōbe Shipyard 20 November 1942 3 June 1943 6 September 1943 Nittō Mining

Nisshō Maru class

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  • One of the variants of the Kawasaki-type tankers. Mitsubishi used many curves to reduce her air friction strength.
Subsidy # Name Builder Laid down Launched Completed Owner
103 Nisshō Maru (日章丸) Misubishi, Yokohama Shipyard 10 August 1937 13 June 1938 29 November 1938 Shōwa Shipping

Kuroshio Maru class

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  • One of the variants of the Kawasaki-type tankers. Kuroshio Maru was equipped with a La-Mont boiler. Her design was used for the Type 1TL wartime standard ship.
Subsidy # Name Builder Laid down Launched Completed Owner
105 Kuroshio Maru (黒潮丸) Harima Zōsen, Aioi Factory 21 January 1938 8 December 1938 28 February 1939 Chūgai Line

Akatsuki Maru class

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  • One of the variants of the Kawasaki-type tankers. The Harima Zōsen used the Sulzer diesel.
Subsidy # Name Builder Laid down Launched Completed Owner
108 Akatsuki Maru (あかつき丸) Harima Zōsen, Aioi Factory 21 June 1937 20 August 1938 31 October 1938 Japan Line
Akebono Maru (あけぼの丸) Harima Zōsen, Aioi Factory 25 January 1938 10 June 1939 15 August 1939 Japan Line

Service

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Name Career (extract), fate
Date Contents
Tōa Maru 1934–1941 Sailed for the import oil into Japan (67 times).
1 September 1941 Enlisted by the IJN. On 20 September, classified to auxiliary oiler.
1 December 1941 Assigned to the 6th Fleet.
5 April 1942 Assigned to the Combined Fleet.
21 May 1942 Entry to the 1st Fleet.
25 November 1943 Sunk by USS Searaven at north of Pohnpei 08°30′N 158°00′E / 8.500°N 158.000°E / 8.500; 158.000.
5 January 1944 Removed from naval ship lists, and discharged.
Kyokutō Maru
Ōyashima Maru (大八州丸)
California Maru (かりほるにあ丸) 		1934–1938 Sailed for the import oil into Japan (35 times).
1 July 1938 Enlisted by the IJN. On 7 July, classified to auxiliary fleet oiler, and assigned to the Combined Fleet.
18 November 1941 Entry to the 1st Air Fleet.
15 January 1942 Renamed Ōyashima Maru.[3]
5 May 1944 Assigned to the 1st Mobile Fleet.
1 August 1944 Assigned to the Combined Fleet.
6 September 1944 Entry to the Kamoi Convoy (Singapore-Manila). On 20 September, arrived at Manila.
21 September 1944 Heavy damaged by aircraft at Manila Bay, later sunk in shallow water.
10 March 1945 Removed from naval ship lists, and discharged.
1951 Salvaged and sold to Nihon Tanker.
5 September 1952 Repairs were completed, and renamed California Maru.
21 July 1964 Retired.
Tatekawa Maru 1935–1941 Sailed for the import oil into Japan, many times.
20 December 1941 Enlisted by the IJN.
1 September 1943 Classified to auxiliary oiler, and assigned to the Ministry of the Navy.
9 May 1944 Assigned to the 1st Mobile Fleet.
24 May 1944 Sunk by USS Gurnard at east of Mindanao 05°45′N 125°43′E / 5.750°N 125.717°E / 5.750; 125.717.
10 July 1944 Removed from naval ship lists. On 20 July, discharged.
Nippon Maru 1936–1941 Sailed for the import oil into Japan, many times.
7 September 1941 Enlisted by the IJN. On 20 September, classified to auxiliary oiler, and assigned to the Combined Fleet.
18 November 1941 Entry to the 1st Air Fleet.
12 May 1943 Entry to the Northeast Area Fleet.
14 January 1944 Sunk by USS Scamp at southwest of Woleai 05°02′N 140°03′E / 5.033°N 140.050°E / 5.033; 140.050.
10 March 1944 Removed from naval ship lists, and discharged.
Tōhō Maru 1936–1941 Sailed for the import oil into Japan (51 times).
20 August 1941 Enlisted by the IJN. On 20 September, classified to auxiliary oiler, and assigned to the Combined Fleet.
26 November 1941 Entry to the 1st Air Fleet.
27 May 1942 Entry to the 4th Carrier Division.
29 March 1943 Sunk by USS Gudgeon at east-northeast of Samarinda 00°00′N 118°18′E / 0.000°N 118.300°E / 0.000; 118.300.
1 May 1943 Removed from naval ship lists, and discharged.
Itsukushima Maru 1937–1941 Accompanied to fleet of whalers.
22 November 1941 Enlisted by the IJN.
1 September 1943 Classified to auxiliary oiler, and assigned to the Ministry of the Navy.
9 May 1944 Assigned to the 1st Mobile Fleet.
20 September 1944 Assigned to the Combined Fleet.
20 September 1944 Entry to the 2nd Fleet.
27 October 1944 Heavy damaged by USS Bergall at southwest of Balambangan Island 07°17′N 116°45′E / 7.283°N 116.750°E / 7.283; 116.750. On 31 October, sunk.
10 December 1944 Removed from naval ship lists, and discharged.
Gen'yō Maru 1938–1941 Sailed for the import oil into Japan, many times.
2 November 1941 Enlisted by the IJN. On 10 December, classified to auxiliary oiler, and assigned to the 3rd Fleet.
10 March 1942 Assigned to the 2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet.
25 August 1942 Assigned to the Combined Fleet.
5 May 1944 Assigned to the 1st Mobile Fleet.
20 June 1944 Sunk during the Battle of the Philippine Sea at north-northwest of Palau 15°35′N 133°30′E / 15.583°N 133.500°E / 15.583; 133.500.
10 August 1944 Removed from naval ship lists, and discharged.
Nichiei Maru 1938–1941 Sailed for the import oil into Japan, many times.
31 October 1941 Enlisted by the IJN. On 10 November, classified to auxiliary oiler, and assigned to the Combined Fleet.
August 1942 Assigned to the Southeast Area Fleet.
25 December 1943 Assigned to the Combined Fleet.
5 May 1944 Assigned to the 1st Mobile Fleet.
23 July 1944 Assigned to the Combined Fleet.
16 October 1944 Assigned to the 2nd Fleet.
3 January 1945 Heavy damaged by USS Besugo at north of Kuantan. On 7 January, sunk at 06°45′N 102°55′E / 6.750°N 102.917°E / 6.750; 102.917.
10 March 1945 Removed from naval ship lists, and discharged.
Tōei Maru 1939–1940 Sailed for the import oil into Japan, several times.
23 December 1940 Enlisted by the IJN. On 26 December, classified to auxiliary oiler.
1 July 1941 Classified to auxiliary fleet oiler.
15 October 1941 Classified to auxiliary oiler, and assigned to the Combined Fleet.
18 November 1941 Entry to the 1st Air Fleet.
18 January 1943 Sunk by USS Silversides off Truk 06°19′N 150°15′E / 6.317°N 150.250°E / 6.317; 150.250.
1 April 1943 Removed from naval ship lists, and discharged.
Kokuyō Maru 1939–1940 Sailed for the import oil into Japan, several times.
16 November 1940 Enlisted by the IJN. On 26 December, classified to auxiliary oiler.
15 June 1941 Classified to auxiliary fleet oiler.
15 October 1941 Classified to auxiliary oiler, and assigned to the Combined Fleet.
18 November 1941 Entry to the 1st Air Fleet.
5 May 1944 Assigned to the 1st Mobile Fleet.
30 July 1944 Sunk by USS Bonefish at east of Sandakan 06°07′N 120°00′E / 6.117°N 120.000°E / 6.117; 120.000.
10 September 1944 Removed from naval ship lists, and discharged.
Ken'yō Maru 1939–1941 Sailed for the import oil into Japan, several times.
17 August 1941 Enlisted by the IJN. On 5 September, classified to auxiliary oiler, and assigned to the Combined Fleet.
18 November 1941 Entry to the 1st Air Fleet.
10 August 1942 Entry to the 3rd Fleet.
14 January 1944 Sunk by USS Guardfish at southeast of Yap 05°23′N 141°32′E / 5.383°N 141.533°E / 5.383; 141.533.
10 March 1944 Removed from naval ship lists, and discharged.
Shinkoku Maru 1940–1941 Sailed for the import oil into Japan, several times.
18 August 1941 Enlisted by the IJN. On 5 September, classified to auxiliary oiler, and assigned to the Combined Fleet.
18 November 1941 Entry to the 1st Air Fleet.
17 February 1944 Sunk during the Operation Hailstone.
31 March 1944 Removed from naval ship lists, and discharged.
Kyūei Maru 15 October 1943 Enlisted by the IJN. Classified to auxiliary oiler, and assigned to the Yokosuka Naval District.
25 October 1943 Assigned to the Ministry of the Navy.
21 December 1943 Entry to the Hi-27 Convoy.
27 December 1943 Sunk by USS Flying Fish at southeast of Kaohsiung 21°25′N 118°05′E / 21.417°N 118.083°E / 21.417; 118.083.
5 February 1944 Removed from naval ship lists, and discharged.
Nisshō Maru 1938–1941 Sailed for the import oil into Japan, many times.
23 February 1942 Enlisted by the IJN. On 25 February, classified to auxiliary oiler.
1 July 1942 Assigned to the Combined Fleet.
25 February 1944 Sunk by USS Hoe at Bohol Sea 05°50′N 126°00′E / 5.833°N 126.000°E / 5.833; 126.000.
31 March 1944 Removed from naval ship lists, and discharged.
Kuroshio Maru 1939–1941 Sailed for the import oil into Japan, many times.
15 August 1941 Enlisted by the IJN. On 5 September, classified to auxiliary oiler.
10 January 1942 Assigned to the Ministry of the Navy.
20 March 1942 Removed from naval ship lists, and discharged.
September 1942 Allotted to the Imperial Japanese Army.
31 December 1944 Entry to the Hi-87 Convoy.
21 January 1945 Sunk by aircraft at Kaohsiung.
Akatsuki Maru 1938–1941 Sailed for the import oil into Japan, many times.
17 November 1941 Enlisted by the Navy.[4]
29 May 1943 Sunk by USS Saury at northwest of Naha 27°40′N 125°55′E / 27.667°N 125.917°E / 27.667; 125.917.
30 June 1943 Discharged.
Akebono Maru 1939–1941 Sailed for the import oil into Japan, many times.
1 December 1941 Enlisted by the IJN. On 7 December, classified to auxiliary oiler.
10 January 1942 Assigned to the Combined Fleet.
30 March 1944 Entry to the PaTa-07 Convoy.
31 March 1944 Heavy damaged by aircraft at Palau. Later scuttled.
10 May 1944 Removed from naval ship lists, and discharged.

Characteristics

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Name Displacement (gross) Length Beam Draught Propulsion Speed Capacity
Tōa Maru 10,052 long tons (10,213 t) 160.2 m (525 ft 7 in) overall
152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) Lpp 		19.8 m (65 ft 0 in) 11.2 m (36 ft 9 in) 1 × MAN/Kawasaki D8Z-70/120 diesel
single shaft, 8,911 bhp 		18.4 knots (21.2 mph; 34.1 km/h) 16,093 cubic meters oil[5]
4 passengers[5]
Kyokutō Maru
(Ōyashima Maru) 		10,051 long tons (10,212 t) 160.2 m (525 ft 7 in) overall
152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) Lpp 		19.8 m (65 ft 0 in) 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in) 1 × MAN/Kawasaki D8Z-70/120 diesel
single shaft, 8,963 bhp 		18.9 knots (21.7 mph; 35.0 km/h) 16,100 cubic meters oil
8 passengers
Tatekawa Maru 10,091 long tons (10,253 t) 160.2 m (525 ft 7 in) overall
152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) Lpp 		19.8 m (65 ft 0 in) 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in) 1 × MAN/Kawasaki D8Z-70/120 diesel
single shaft, 10,658 bhp 		19.9 knots (22.9 mph; 36.9 km/h)
Nippon Maru 9,971 long tons (10,131 t) 160.2 m (525 ft 7 in) overall
152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) Lpp 		19.8 m (65 ft 0 in) 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in) 1 × MAN/Kawasaki D8Z-70/120 diesel
single shaft, 9,773 bhp 		19.2 knots (22.1 mph; 35.6 km/h) 14,590 cubic meters oil[6]
6 passengers[7]
Tōhō Maru 9,997 long tons (10,157 t) 160.2 m (525 ft 7 in) overall
152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) Lpp 		19.8 m (65 ft 0 in) 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in) 1 × MAN/Kawasaki D8Z-70/120 diesel
single shaft, 9,903 bhp 		20.1 knots (23.1 mph; 37.2 km/h)
Itsukushima Maru 10,007 long tons (10,168 t) 160.2 m (525 ft 7 in) overall
152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) Lpp 		19.8 m (65 ft 0 in) 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in) 1 × MAN/Kawasaki D8Z-70/120 diesel
single shaft, 11,693 bhp 		19.8 knots (22.8 mph; 36.7 km/h)
Gen'yō Maru 10,018 long tons (10,179 t) 160.2 m (525 ft 7 in) overall
152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) Lpp 		19.8 m (65 ft 0 in) 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in) 1 × MAN/Kawasaki D8Z-70/120 diesel
single shaft, 11,100 bhp 		19.7 knots (22.7 mph; 36.5 km/h)
Nichiei Maru 10,020 long tons (10,181 t) 160.2 m (525 ft 7 in) overall
152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) Lpp 		19.8 m (65 ft 0 in) 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in) 1 × MAN/Kawasaki D8Z-70/120 diesel
single shaft, 11,570 bhp 		20.0 knots (23.0 mph; 37.0 km/h)
Tōei Maru 10,022 long tons (10,183 t) 160.2 m (525 ft 7 in) overall
152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) Lpp 		19.8 m (65 ft 0 in) 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in) 1 × MAN/Kawasaki D8Z-70/120 diesel
single shaft, 11,210 bhp 		19.4 knots (22.3 mph; 35.9 km/h)
Kokuyō Maru 10,026 long tons (10,187 t) 160.2 m (525 ft 7 in) overall
152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) Lpp 		19.8 m (65 ft 0 in) 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in) 1 × MAN/Kawasaki D8Z-70/120 diesel
single shaft, 11,033 bhp 		19.6 knots (22.6 mph; 36.3 km/h)
Ken'yō Maru 10,024 long tons (10,185 t) 160.2 m (525 ft 7 in) overall
152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) Lpp 		19.8 m (65 ft 0 in) 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in) 1 × MAN/Kawasaki D8Z-70/120 diesel
single shaft, 11,380 bhp 		20.2 knots (23.2 mph; 37.4 km/h)
Shinkoku Maru 10,020 long tons (10,181 t) 160.2 m (525 ft 7 in) overall
152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) Lpp 		19.8 m (65 ft 0 in) 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in) 1 × MAN/Kawasaki D8Z-70/120 diesel
single shaft, 11,565 bhp 		19.8 knots (22.8 mph; 36.7 km/h)
Kyūei Maru 10,171 long tons (10,334 t) 160.2 m (525 ft 7 in) overall
152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) Lpp 		19.8 m (65 ft 0 in) 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in) 1 × Mitsubishi MS11-72/125 diesel
single shaft, 7,360 bhp
Nisshō Maru 10,526 long tons (10,695 t) 159.0 m (521 ft 8 in) Lpp 20.0 m (65 ft 7 in) 12.0 m (39 ft 4 in) 1 × MAN/Mitsubishi D8Zu-72/120P diesel
single shaft, 9,400 bhp 		19.6 knots (22.6 mph; 36.3 km/h)
Kuroshio Maru 10,384 long tons (10,551 t) 153.8 m (504 ft 7 in) Lpp 20.1 m (65 ft 11 in) 11.4 m (37 ft 5 in) 3 × La-Mont/Kawasaki high-pressure boiler
Ishikawajima turbine, single shaft, 11,805 shp 		20.7 knots (23.8 mph; 38.3 km/h)
Akatsuki Maru 10,216 long tons (10,380 t) 160.2 m (525 ft 7 in) overall
152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) Lpp 		19.81 m (65 ft 0 in) 11.43 m (37 ft 6 in) 1 × Sulzer/Kōbe diesel
single shaft, 10,678 bhp 		20.13 knots (23.17 mph; 37.28 km/h)
Akebono Maru 10,182 long tons (10,345 t) 160.2 m (525 ft 7 in) overall
152.4 m (500 ft 0 in) Lpp 		19.81 m (65 ft 0 in) 11.43 m (37 ft 6 in) 1 × Sulzer/Kōbe diesel
single shaft, 10,820 bhp 		20.063 knots (23.088 mph; 37.157 km/h)

Photos

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    Iino Lines Tōa Maru
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    Iino Lines Kyokutō Maru
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    Iino Lines Tōhō Maru
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    Tōei Maru in February 1941
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    Shinkoku Maru in September 1941
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    Nippon Maru in June 1943
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    Kyokutō Maru and carrier Hiryū in May or June 1942
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    Kokuyō Maru and cruiser Tone on 17 June 1944

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Iino Lines called Tōa Maru class, Kawasaki Line called Tatekawa Maru class, Nittō Mining called Nichiei Maru class, and more...
  2. ^ Kyokutō Maru renamed Kanji name 極東丸 to 旭東丸 on 5 July 1938.
  3. ^ In the IJN official document, Ōyashima Maru appears once. However, their later official document used Kyokutō Maru.
  4. ^ Akatsuki Maru was not registered to naval ship list.
  5. ^ a b Shutei Kyokai Shuppanbu, p. 69
  6. ^ Shutei Kyokai Shuppanbu, p. 86. Original book was described 644,590 cubic meters oil. Perhaps it is a misprint.
  7. ^ Shutei Kyokai Shuppanbu, p. 86

Bibliography

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  • Tashirō Iwashige, The visual guide of Japanese wartime merchant marine, "Dainippon Kaiga". Archived from the original on 7 December 2002. (Japan), May 2009
  • Monthly Armor Modelling special issue, "Navy Yard Vol.8 Tora! Tora! Tora!", Dainippon Kaiga (Japan), July 2008
  • Kunio Matsumoto, The Lives of the Japanese Tankers, "Seizando-Shoten". Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009. (Japan), January 1995
  • Shinshichirō Komamiya, The Wartime Convoy Histories, "Shuppan Kyōdōsha". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2009. (Japan), October 1987
  • The Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels No.53, "Japanese support vessels", "Ushio Shobō". (Japan), July 1981
  • 60 Years of the Iino Lines, "Iino Lines". (Japan), June 1959
  • 50 year History of Harima Zōsen, Harima Zōsen Corporation, November 1960
  • Photo Gallery of the Japanese merchant ships, Shutei Kyokai Shuppanbu (Japan), August 1950
  • Grobmeier, Alvin H. (1991). "Question 28/90". Warship International. XXVIII (3): 310–311. ISSN 0043-0374.
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