Avidyā is a Sanskrit word whose literal meaning is ignorance, misconceptions, misunderstandings, incorrect knowledge, and it is the opposite of Vidya.[1] It is used extensively in Hindu texts, including the Upanishads, and in other Indian religions such as Buddhism and Jainism, particularly in the context of metaphysical reality.[2][3][4]
Avidyā, in all Dharmic systems, represents fundamental ignorance and misperception of the phenomenal world.[3] However, the Indian religions disagree on the details, for example with Hinduism considering a denial and misconceptions of Atman (soul, self) as a form of Avidya, and Buddhism considering the denial and misconceptions of An-atman (non-soul, non-self) as a form of Avidya.[2][5][6]
Etymology and meaning
editAvidyā (अविद्या) is a Vedic Sanskrit word, and is a compound of "a" and "vidya", meaning "not vidya". The word vidya is derived from the Sanskrit root Vid, which means "to know, to perceive, to see, to understand".[1] Therefore, avidya means to "not know, not perceive, not understand". The Vid*-related terms appears extensively in the Rigveda and other Vedas.[1] Avidya is usually rendered as "ignorance" in English translations of ancient Indian texts, sometimes as "spiritual ignorance".[7][8]
The word avidyā is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *weid-, meaning "to see" or "to know". It is a cognate of Latin vidēre (which would turn to "video") and English "wit".
While Avidya found in Indian philosophies is translated as "ignorance", states Alex Wayman, this is a mistranslation because Avidya means more than ignorance. He suggests the term "unwisdom" to be a better rendition.[2] The term includes not only ignorance out of darkness, but also obscuration, misconceptions, mistaking illusion to be reality or impermanent to be permanent or suffering to be bliss or non-self to be self (delusions).[2] Incorrect knowledge is another form of Avidya, states Wayman.[2]
Avidya represents fundamental ignorance, state Jones and Ryan, a misperception of the phenomenal world.[3] In Hinduism, Avidya includes confusing the mundane reality to be the only reality, and it as a permanent though it is ever changing.[3] Its doctrines assert that there is a spiritual reality consisting of Atman-Brahman, one that is the true, eternal, imperishable reality beyond time.[3][9][10]
In the Vedic texts and Upanishads
editAvidya in the earliest Vedic texts is ignorance, and in later Vedic texts evolves to include anything that is a "positive hindrance" to spiritual or nonspiritual knowledge.[11] In the Upanishads, the concept includes "lack of knowledge, inadequate knowledge and false knowledge".[11]
Isha Upanishad refers to vidya and avidya in verses 9-11:
It's far different from knowledge, they say, Different also from ignorance, we're told- so have we heard from wise men, who have explained it to us.
Knowledge and ignorance- a man who knows them both together, Passes beyond death by ignorance, and by knowledge attains immortality.
— Isha Upanishad, Verse 10-11[12]
Katha Upanishad uses the metaphor of blindness to describe avidya:
Wallowing in ignorance, but calling themselves wise, thinking themselves learned, the fools go around, staggering about like a group of blind men, led by a man who is himself blind.
— Katha Upanishad, Verse 2.5[13]
Mundaka Upanishad references avidya similar to the Katha Upanishad verse 2.5:
Wallowing in ignorance time and again, the fools imagine, "We have reached our aim!" Because of their passion, they do not understand, these people who are given to rites"
— Mundaka Upanishad, Verse 1.2.9[14]
In Yoga Darsana
editAvidya is described in the Yoga Sutras by Patanjali, as the first of the five kleshas, the knots of affliction, and the productive field of all them that follow.[15] In Yoga Sutras II.5, Patanjali defines Avidya as confusing the nature of the soul with the body:[16]
- अनित्याशुचिदुःखानात्मसु नित्यशुचिसुखात्मख्यातिरविद्या॥ ५॥
- anityashuchiduhkhanatmasu nityashuchisukhatmakhyatiravidya
- Ignorance is the notion that takes the self, which is joyful, pure, and eternal, to be the nonself, which is painful, unclean, and temporary.[17]
In Yogra Sutras II.2, Patanjali gives Kriya yoga as a method for overcoming Avidya and other klesas.[18]
In Advaita Vedanta
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2010) |
The effect of avidya is to suppress the real nature of things and present something else in its place. In effect it is not different from Maya (pronounced Māyā) or illusion. Avidya relates to the individual Self (Ātman), while Maya is an adjunct of the cosmic Self (Brahman). In both cases it connotes the principle of differentiation of an experienced reality into the subject ('I') and an object, as is implicit in human thinking. Avidya stands for that delusion which breaks up the original unity (refer: nonduality) of what is real and presents it as subject and object and as doer and result of the deed. What keeps humanity captive in Samsara is this avidya. This ignorance, "the ignorance veiling our true self and the truth of the world",[19] is not lack of erudition; it is ignorance about the nature of 'Being' (Sat). It is a limitation that is natural to human sensory or intellectual apparatus. This is responsible for all the misery of humanity. Advaita Vedanta holds that the eradication of it should be humanity's only goal and that will automatically mean realisation of the Self (Ātman).[20]
Adi Shankara says in his Introduction to his commentary on the Brahma Sutras,
Owing to an absence of discrimination, there continues a natural human behaviour in the form of 'I am this' or 'This is mine'; this is avidya. It is a superimposition of the attributes of one thing on another. The ascertainment of the nature of the real entity by separating the superimposed thing from it is vidya (knowledge, illumination).
In the view of his later followers, avidya cannot be categorized either as 'absolutely existent' or as 'absolutely non-existent'.[21]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Monier Monier-Williams (1872). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 918.
- ^ a b c d e Alex Wayman (1957). "The Meaning of Unwisdom (Avidya)". Philosophy East and West. 7 (1/2): 21–25. doi:10.2307/1396830. JSTOR 1396830.
- ^ a b c d e Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.
- ^ Richard Francis Gombrich; Cristina Anna Scherrer-Schaub (2008). Buddhist Studies. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 209–210. ISBN 978-81-208-3248-0.
- ^ Sengaku Mayeda (2006). A Thousand Teachings: The Upadesasahasri of Sankara. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 76–78. ISBN 978-81-208-2771-4.
- ^ Trainor, Kevin (2004). Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide. Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-19-517398-7.
- ^ Ian Whicher (1998). The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga. State University of New York Press. p. 110, see both translations on the same page by Ian Whicher. ISBN 978-0-7914-3815-2.
- ^ Mariasusai Dhavamony (1973). Phenomenology of Religion. Gregorian. p. 297. ISBN 978-88-7652-474-5.
- ^ [a] M Hiriyanna (2000), The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120813304, pp. 25, 160-161;
[b] Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1986), Dreams, Illusion, and Other Realities, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0226618555, pages 118-119 - ^ Lynn Foulston and Stuart Abbott (2009), Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1902210438, pages 14-16
- ^ a b Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1998). Comparative History of World Philosophy, A: From the Upanishads to Kant. State University of New York Press. pp. 376–377 with footnotes. ISBN 978-1-4384-1887-2.
- ^ Olivelle 1998, p. 409.
- ^ Olivelle 1998, p. 383.
- ^ Olivelle 1998, p. 441.
- ^ Yoga Sutras, II.4
- ^ Bryant 2009, p. 178-185.
- ^ Bryant 2009, p. 178-179.
- ^ Bryant 2009, p. 173-175.
- ^ Mohrhoff, Ulrich. "The Veil of Avidya" (PDF). Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education, Pondicherry, India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
- ^ "Advaita bhava". The Hindu. 2013-07-14. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-01-08.
- ^ Mayeda 1992, p. 78.
Sources
edit- Bryant, Edwin F. (2009). The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation and Commentary. New York: North Point Press. ISBN 978-0865477360.
- Mayeda, Sengaku (1992). "An Introduction to the Life and Thought of Sankara". In Mayeda, Sengaku (ed.). A Thousand Teachings: The Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara. State University of New York City Press. ISBN 0-7914-0944-9.
- Olivelle, Patrick, ed. (1998). The Early Upanisads: annotated text and translation. South Asia research (in English and Sanskrit). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-19-512435-4.