Awaswas, or Santa Cruz, is one of eight Ohlone languages. It was historically spoken by the Awaswas people, an indigenous people of California. The last speaker of Awaswas died in the 19th century, and the language has been extinct ever since.[1]
| Awaswas | |
|---|---|
| Santa Cruz | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | California |
| Extinct | 19th century[1] |
| Dialects | four varieties[2] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | (included in Northern Ohlone [cst]) |
| Glottolog | sant1428 |
 Map of Ohlone varieties with Awaswas | |
Linguists originally called the language Santa Cruz after the mission in the area, but it was renamed to Awaswas as part of a move in the late 1960s and early 1970s by graduate students at the University of California Berkeley to use native names for the Ohlone languages.[3] 'Awaswas' is derived from the term ʔawas-was, meaning 'north-people from there'.[4]
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History
editThe Awaswas lived in the Santa Cruz Mountains and along the coast of present-day Santa Cruz County from present-day Davenport to Aptos. Awaswas became the main language spoken at the Mission Santa Cruz.[5] However, there is evidence that this grouping was more geographic than linguistic, and that the records of the "Santa Cruz Costanoan" language in fact represent several diverse dialects. A report from 1952 identified four different distinct forms of Costanoan[2] and a more recent report from 2009 states, "No area in North America was more crowded with distinct languages and language families than central California at the time of Spanish contact."[3]
The Ohlone language group is broken into branches with the most related languages grouped together. Awaswas has been grouped in both the northern and southern branches with different research disagreeing on the best fitting classification. Some branches within the Ohlone language group have been described as being as similar to each other as different local dialects of Italian, while others, such as Rumsen, Mutsun, and Awaswas "were as closely related as French, Spanish, and Portuguese."[3]
In 2012, Amah Mutsun Tribal Chairman Valentin Lopez stated that "his great-great-grandmother was the last of the Awaswas speakers."[6]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b "Awaswas". California Language Archive. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
- ^ a b Heizer, R. F., ed. (1952). "California Indian Linguistic Records: The Mission Indian Vocabularies of Alphonse Pinart" (PDF). Anthropological Records. 15 (1). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- ^ a b c Milliken, Randall; Shoup, Laurence H.; Oritz, Beverly R. (2009). "Ohlone/Costanoan Indians of the San Francisco Peninsula and their Neighbors, Yesterday and Today". Government Documents and Publications: 17–36.
- ^ Golla, Victor (2011). California Indian languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26667-4. OCLC 668191602.
- ^ "Awaswas". Survey of California and Other Indian Languages. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
- ^ Donna Jones (2012-12-21). "Healing ceremonies recall California Mission heritage". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
References
edit- Kroeber, Alfred L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Washington, D.C: Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. (map of villages, page 465)
- Milliken, Randall. A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769-1910 Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1995. ISBN 0-87919-132-5 (alk. paper)
- Teixeira, Lauren. The Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area, A Research Guide. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1997. ISBN 0-87919-141-4.
- Yamane, Linda, ed. 2002. A Gathering of Voices: The Native Peoples of the Central California Coast. Santa Cruz County History Journal, Number 5. Santa Cruz, CA: Museum of Art & History. ISBN 0-940283-11-5
External links
edit- "Awaswas". California Language Archive. Archived from the original on 2013-04-25. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
- Harrington, John P. "Papers of John P. Harrington, Part 2, Northern and Central California". Open Language Archives Community. Archived from the original on 2014-04-09. Retrieved 2012-07-28.