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Awlad Muhammad

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1829 Lapie Map of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Barbary states - David Rumsey Historical Map Collection - Barbarie-lapie-1829

Awlad Muhammad (or Ouled Muhammed) was a tribe that ruled over the Fezzan region from 1550 to 1812.[1][2] At their height, their domain extended from Sokna in the north to Murzuq in the south,[3] as well as in the present-day territories of Chad and Niger[4]

The Muhammad Awlad dynasty was a prominent family that governed the Fezzan region, located in present-day southwestern Libya, from the late 15th century until the early 19th century. Emerging amid the decline of previous tribal confederations, the dynasty established control over key oases and trade routes that connected sub-Saharan Africa to the Mediterranean Sea.

The Awlad Muhammad controlled the largest market in the Sahara trade between Bilad al-Sudan, and its richness in the Fezzan markets. Had attracted the Ottoman administration in Tripoli to take over integrate them as a part of its tributary system.[5]

First Ottoman period

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In 1574 the Ottoman Tripolitania Empire, under Mahmut bey, invaded and occupied Fezzan, the Oasis, and a significant part of the Southern Sahara (present day niger and Chad), expelling the local ruler Sultan Bulālah Muḥammad, and overthrowing him out of power.[6][7][8][9] Most African historians believe this occurred in the year 1577, the same year that Idris Alooma sent his diplomatic delegation to the Ottomans. Mahmut Bey also exerted great effort in transferring the Ottoman system to Central Africa. He descended from Murzuq (Libya) with 500 soldiers southward at a distance of 1950 km2 from the Mediterranean Sea; following a direct path, they reached the northern and southern parts of Lake Chad.[10][11] The greater part of the Sahara forms significant portions of present-day Niger, all of which were annexed to the Fezzan district (later the vassal). King Idris Aluma, ruler of the Kanem-Bornu Sultanate, sent three ambassadors to Istanbul in 1577 and offered his allegiance. Firearms were sent from Tripoli by order of the Ottoman court, and the sultanate came under Ottoman rule[12][13] Fezzan had been vassailized since 1574,[14]

Struggle against ottoman

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In 1583 and 1585, Ottoman garrisons were slaughtered by the local rebels, leading to the Alwads return to power, under influence of Bornu and Tripoli.[15][16] But still under the Ottoman Control, as Sultan Murad III consolidated and stabilized Ottoman rule over the city and extended its influence to the surrounding area.[17][18][19]

Second Ottoman Period

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The awlads would continue their struggle against the Tripoli administration and Ottoman occupation. Where the Bornu would aid them military against the Ottoman annexation, but in 1626 the occupying Turkish forces would withdrawn in return for the awlads to recognize ottoman influence where the ottomans would in exchange regonize the awlads hereditary authority, as long as they were under Ottoman influence.[20][21] and ultimately the Tripoli Beylerbey granted Fezzan their autonomy in their own internal affairs on the condition that they regularly paid their taxes and accept ottoman rule.[22][23][24][25][26] But this was short lived when Muhammad bin Juhaym returned to Murzuq, where he overthrew the Ottoman Bey in 1639, and assumed control.[27][28][29] But the retaliated with an attack on the Fezzan which turned into a destructive fighting. Eventually the Turks and the Awlad Muhammad made peace. Where thy arranged that the Awlad Muhammad would pay the Turks each year in four thousand mithqals of gold, two thousand in gold dust and two thousand in slaves[30][31]

Kaeramanli Period

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From 1711 to 1835, Fezzan and the most of Libya came under Karamanli dynasty's influence, After Yusuf expanded Karamanli influence, into the trans-Saharan trade routes by sending expeditions leading to Kanem–Bornu.[32] İn 1807 he was able to force all the tribes of Cyrenaica and the Awlad Sulayman, to submit to him, he also brought the tribes of Fezzan under direct control.[33]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: The servile estate. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-3201-8.
  2. ↑ الآن, تركيا (2021-02-24). "ذبحوا الأبناء الرضع لزعيم القبيلة: عن حرب العثمانيين وأولاد امحمد في ليبيا". تركيا الآن (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  3. ↑ Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1971). A history of the Maghrib. Internet Archive. Cambridge [Eng.] University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07981-5.
  4. ↑ Willis, John R.; Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78017-3.
  5. ↑ Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2011-03-23). The Making of Modern Libya: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance, Second Edition. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-2893-2.
  6. ↑ Mouline, Le califat imaginair, op. cite. page. 119.
  7. ↑ Emrah Safa Gürkan, “The center and the frontier: Ottoman cooperation with the North African corsairs in the sixteenth century”, Turkish Historical Review, 1, 2010, p. 125-163; Işıksel, “The status of Tripolitania”, art. quoted.
  8. ↑ Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89754-115-3.
  9. ↑ Dikmetaş, Turan (2005). Osmanlı Sultanları [Ottoman] (in Turkish). İstanbul: Birleşik Basım Pazarlama Ltd. Şti. pp. Page 83–86. ISBN 9786050813012.
  10. ↑ Martin, B. G. (January 1969). "Kanem, Bornu, and the Fazzān: Notes on the political history of a Trade Route". The Journal of African History. 10 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1017/s0021853700009257. ISSN 0021-8537.
  11. ↑ Dikmetaş, Turan (2005). Osmanlı Sultanları [Ottoman] (in Turkish). İstanbul: Birleşik Basım Pazarlama Ltd. Şti. pp. Page 83–85. ISBN 9786050813012.
  12. ↑ https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf (
  13. ↑ Flynn, Sébastien (2016-01-01). "The Relationship Between the Ottoman Empire and Kanem – Bornu During the Reign of Sultan Murad III – A Master's Thesis". Bilkent Master's Thesis.
  14. ↑ Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centered and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89754-115-3.
  15. ↑ PDF “Our delight is for the amir of the English”: a Bornoan history of the First World War (North
  16. ↑ A struggle for Sahara: Idrīs ibn ‘Alī’s embassy to Aḥmad al-Manṣūr in the context of Borno-Morocco-Ottoman relations, 1577-1583 By Rémi Dewière
  17. ↑ Osmanlı Belgelerinde: Trablusgarb. İstanbul: T. C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü: Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı, Yayın Nu.: 125, 2013, A. DVNS. MHM. D, 62/276, 80-81. 346 Cengiz Orhonlu, “Osmanlı-Bornu Münâsebetine Âid Belgeler,” İstanbul Edebiyat Fakültesi Matbaası, Sayı 23, (Mart, 1969): 119-120.
  18. ↑ Title: Fezzan Author: Rachel Simon Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World Online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_COM_0007740 Language: English First-online: 01 Oct 2010 ISSN: 1878-9781 Publisher: Brill
  19. ↑ 31Froment de Champlagarde, Blondy (ed.), Histoire abrégée…, op. cit., p. 45; Bradford Martin, “Ahmad Rasim Pasha and the suppression of the Fazzan slave trade, 1881-1896”, Africa (Roma), 38 (4), 1983, p. 562.
  20. ↑ Libya, Chad, and the Central Sahara, by John Wright, pg 46
  21. ↑ THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND KANEM-BORNU DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN MURAD III Graduate School↵↵of↵↵Economics and Social Sciences↵↵of↵↵İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University↵↵by↵↵SÉBASTIEN FLYNN In Partial Fulfillment↵↵of the Requirements of the Degree↵↵of↵↵MASTER OF ARTS in DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA↵↵September 2015
  22. ↑ Aziz Samih Ilter, Turks in North Africa , Istanbul 1937, II, 238-256.
  23. ↑ Cremaschi, M; Trombino, L (December 1998). "The palaeoclimatic significance of paleosols in Southern Fezzan (Libyan Sahara): morphological and micromorphological aspects". CATENA. 34 (1–2): 131–156. doi:10.1016/s0341-8162(98)00086-1. ISSN 0341-8162.
  24. ↑ a.mlf., “A Document Explaining Turkish Sahara Policy and the Instructions Given to the Governor of Fezzan”, BTTD , no. 13 (1968), pp. 28-34.
  25. ↑ Celâl Tevfik Karasapan, Libya, Trablusgarp, Bingazi ve Fizan.
  26. ↑ Aziz Samih İlter, Şimali Afrikada Türkler (Vol. II, pp. 238–256).
  27. ↑ Ahmad Rasim Pasha and the Fazzan Slave Trade 65
  28. ↑ The Servile Estate Volume Two of the academic collection Slaves and Slavery in Africa
  29. ↑ Ibn Ghalbun, Tidhkar, p.156.
  30. ↑ https://books.google.dk/books/content?id=sasFc2yN7AcC&hl=da&pg=PA66&img=1&zoom=3&sig=ACfU3U1-u0hZ48qA13oyMycumQVmfD1J7w&w=1280
  31. ↑ Ibn Ghalbun, Tidhkar, p.160
  32. ↑ Loimeier, Roman (2013). Muslim societies in Africa: a historical anthropology. Bloomington: Indiana University press. ISBN 978-0-253-00788-9.
  33. ↑ Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987-08-20). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33767-0.
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