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Bagerhat District

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Bagerhat District (Bengali: বাগেরহাট, pron: bageɾɦaʈ) is a district in south-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Khulna Division.[3]

Bagerhat District
বাগেরহাট জেলা
District of Bangladesh
From top: Sixty Dome Mosque, Singar Mosque, Mongla Port, Karamjal point of Sundarbans, Bagerhat Museum
Location of Bagerhat District in Bangladesh
Location of Bagerhat District in Bangladesh
Map
Expandable map of Bagerhat District
Coordinates: 22°40′00″N 89°48′00″E / 22.66667°N 89.80000°E / 22.66667; 89.80000
Country Bangladesh
DivisionKhulna Division
CapitalBagerhat
Government
 • Deputy CommissionerMd. Mamunur Rashid
Area
 • Total
3,959.11 km2 (1,528.62 sq mi)
Elevation
2 m (7 ft)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total
1,613,076
 • Density410/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+06:00 (BST)
Postal code
9300
Area code0468
ISO 3166 codeBD-05
HDI (2019)0.649[2]
medium · 4th of 20

Geography

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Bagerhat district has a total area of 44,959.11 square kilometres. It is bounded by Gopalganj District and Narail District on the north, The Bay of Bengal on the south, Gopalganj District, Pirojpur District and Barguna District on the east and Khulna District on the west. The main rivers of the district are the Panguchi, Daratana, Madhumati River, Pasur River, Haringhata, Mongla River, Baleshwar, Bangra and Goshairkhali.

History

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Bagerhat city is famous for its mosques. Muslim saint Khan Jahan Ali founded this town. He was a saint of the 15th century, possibly of Turkic origin. At the time of his reign, Bagerhat was a part of the Sundarbans. He cleared the forest and made it habitable. He named it "Khalifatabad".[4] He erected many official buildings to run his administration. He also built many mosques and dug tanks. The buildings erected by him are now all in ruins. The city of Bagerhat has been given the status of a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1973.

Khan was a military general that was appointed to be the leader of the city and was greatly respected. Some people even viewed him as a god-like being. He had a deep connection to this land because of his journey from Barobazar to the Bagerhat District where along the way he created roads and river networks later developing an entire community and being a leader. In his practice of Sufism, he was recognized for his ability to convert locals to his personal beliefs. It is still questioned what his true intentions were in establishing the mosque city. But most people believe that he wanted to bring people to this place away from all that is negative and find true peace. Khan is looked up to even today in Bangladesh and archaeologists have developed monuments for him.

His first settlement in Barobazar was a Hindu-Buddhist town named Champanagar, which was named after the saints that came before him. This speaks of the relationship Khan had with the religious figures that came before and after his time and the respect they all shared for each other. The tomb of General Khan lies in the only building today that has the original dome architecture of the mosque city. The tomb is surrounded by circular towers and stone casting that prevent moisture from the ground. The floor is decorated in colorful and geometric tiles with quotes from the Quran. An annual fair is also held around the area of the tomb for Muslims and Hindus on the anniversary of death and the full moon.

The area was chosen specifically based on the vast water resources and kind climate that were perfect for sustaining life and communities. The delta from the many rivers (Ganga, Brahmaputra, Meghna, etc.) created fertile soil for growing crops. This encouraged people to migrate to this area and create wealth for themselves. The site was dominated by the industries of agriculture and trade. Cotton and cloth were the primary exports for the area to be traded out of their port. Rice, betel leaf, betel nut, and coconut are other crops that came out of the fertile soil of Bagerhat.

This religious site was known to be sacred, and some believed it supernatural. People would come to drink the water from the man-made pond for its healing properties. The concept is similar to the idea of a fountain of youth or a utopia. Another supernatural belief was that General Khan used supernatural powers to create the structures because it was hard to understand how they were built at the time.

After the death of the founder, the city was abandoned and eventually covered in thick vegetation which is why the site was hidden for so long and difficult to explore. The site is significant because it was an iconic area for Islamic teachings at the time and can teach much about Islam and people in general in the 15th century. As many religious figures traveled to India and formed connections, several returned to the Bagerhat District to teach at the mosques. Geographically, the city sits on top of farmland and is surrounded by palm trees on the banks of the Bhairab river.

The city started because of the rapid growth of conversion to Islam in the area. This was a result of mass immigration and a large number of Muslim missionaries in the area. The architectural inspiration for the city came from Bengali, Persian, and Arab styles. While the mosques stand out, the city also included mausoleums, bridges, water networks, and buildings for public gatherings.

After the death of General Khan, the city was renamed Khalifatabad by Sultan Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah. This can make the research process of the lost city more confusing and can be easily misinterpreted as two separate places. However, it is often easy to link the two together by seeing that they were both funded by the same person in the same place. The two names divide the historical timeline into two parts based on the series of leaders that controlled the mosque city.

Located at the confluence of two historical rivers, the Brahmaputra River and the Ganges, Bagerghat is also known as the Mosque City for the presence of a large number of mosques in the district. The domed structures of the mosques built with bricks in the 15th century are considered an architectural marvel.[4]

Bagerhat was declared a district in 1984.[3] The district today is the fourth largest district in Bangladesh based on area.

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1974 1,027,160—    
1981 1,203,551+2.29%
1991 1,431,332+1.75%
2001 1,549,031+0.79%
2011 1,476,090−0.48%
2022 1,613,076+0.81%
Sources:[5][6]

According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Bagerhat District had 408,840 households and a population of 1,613,076. The population density was 407 people per km2. Bagerhat District had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 81.42%, compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 1010 females per 1000 males. 279,751 (17.34%) inhabitants were under 10 years of age. Approximately, 23.88% of the population lived in urban areas. The ethnic population was 1,046.[5]

Religion

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Religions in Bagerhat District (2022)[5]
Religion Percent
Islam
 
 83.25%
Hinduism
 
 16.38%
Christianity
 
 0.37%

The district of Bagerhat consists 7,815 mosques, 238 temples, 17 churches and seven tombs. The Sixty Domes Mosque or Shat Gambuj Masjid is famous mosque. Khan Jahan Ali's tomb is the famous tombs. Islam is the major religion with 83.25% population, while Hindus constitute 16.38% of the population.

Religion in present-day Bagerhat District
Religion 1941[7]: 86–87 [a] 1981[8] 1991[8] 2001[8] 2011[8] 2022[6]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam   329,310 53.77% 865,471 71.91% 1,108,673 77.46% 1,237,862 79.91% 1,198,593 81.20% 1,342,836 83.25%
Hinduism   280,851 45.85% 332,385 27.62% 315,720 22.06% 304,427 19.65% 270,874 18.35% 264,229 16.38%
Christianity   1,991 0.33% 4,740 0.39% 6,023 0.42% 6,261 0.40% 6,115 0.41% 5,890 0.37%
Others [b] 338 0.05% 955 0.08% 916 0.06% 481 0.04% 508 0.04% 121 0.00%
Total Population 612,490 100% 1,203,551 100% 1,431,332 100% 1,549,031 100% 1,476,090 100% 1,613,076 100%

Bagerhat used to have nearly 30% Hindus in 1981, but Hindus have been leaving the district in large numbers since then and the proportion has reduced to 16%. There is a population of 5,900 Christians in the district, mainly in Mongla upazila.[6]

Economy

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Port of Mongla, which is a port of Khulna city and one of the two main sea ports of Bangladesh, is geographically located in Bagerhat District. Rampal and Fakirhat, two upazilas of Bagerhat, are renowned in Bangladesh due to their huge production of shrimp and a big amount of foreign exchange through the city of Khulna.

Points of interest

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Administration

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Bagerhat is divided into 9upazilas, 78 union parishads, 1031 villages, 689 mouzas, 3 municipalities, 28 wards and 57 mahallas. The upazilas are:

Administrator of Zila Porishod: Sheikh Kamruzzaman (Tuku)[9]

Deputy Commissioner (DC): Muhammad Azizur Rahman, BPAA[10]

Transport

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Once upon a time there were train communication between Bagerhat and Khulna. The best way to go to Bagerhat from Dhaka is to take a bus which takes three to five hours. By air one has to go to Jessore airport then take a bus to the city.[citation needed]

Telecommunication

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Telecommunications:

Media

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Print media:

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ 1941 figures are for Bagerhat subdivision of Khulna district, excluding territory in Sundarbans Forest thana (which is less than 7000 people for the entire Khulna district)
  2. ^ Including Jainism, Christianity, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Ad-Dharmis, or not stated

References

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  1. ^ Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. August 2022. pp. viii, 29, 38, 45. ISBN 978-984-35-2977-0.
  2. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  3. ^ a b Kamal, HM Khaled (2012). "Bagerhat District". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  4. ^ a b "Mosque City of Bagerhat - A UNESCO World Heritage Site". BANGLADESH.COM. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  5. ^ a b c Population and Housing Census 2022 National Report (PDF). Vol. 1. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. November 2023.
  6. ^ a b c "Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Bagerhat" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
  7. ^ "Census of India, 1941 Volume VI Bengal Province" (PDF). Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference census20112 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ "AL men appointed administrators". The Daily Star. 16 December 2011.
  10. ^ "Bagerhat District". www.bagerhat.gov.bd. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
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