Balea perversa, also known as the wall snail or tree snail,[1] is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails. The shell of this species is left-handed in coiling and it looks like a juvenile of a clausiliid.
| Balea perversa | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Clausiliidae |
| Genus: | Balea |
| Species: | B. perversa
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| Binomial name | |
| Balea perversa | |
| Synonyms | |
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Balea perversa (as its synonymous name Pupa fragilis) is the type species of the genus Balea.
Distribution
editBalea perversa is widely distributed in western and central Europe east to Ukraine and westernmost Russia:[1]
- British Isles:[3] Great Britain and Ireland
- Western Europe[3]
- Switzerland – lower concern in Switzerland[3]
- Portugal[3]
- Germany – vulnerable in Germany, endangered in Bavaria [3]
- Austria – vulnerable in Austria[3]
- Czech Republic[4]
- Slovakia[4]
- on an islet near Estonia[5]
- Sicilia[3]
- Sardinia[3]
- Iceland[3]
- in Scandinavia only coastal above 62° N[3]
It was referred from Crimea,[3] but it was probably Mentissa gracilicosta.[5]
Description
editThe shell is small and resembles that of a juvenile clausilid. The color is pale brownish and the surface is often silky shiny. The shell often has distinct riblets. The apical whorls are cylindrical. The shell has 8-9 whorls and (unlike many clausiliids) the last whorl has the largest diameter. It is densely ribbed. The cervix is almost without keel. Apart from a rudimentary parietal fold, there are no folds in the aperture. This species has no clausilium.[3]
The width of the shell is 2.5–2.7 mm; the height of the shell is 7–10 mm.[3]
Balea perversa differs from Balea sarsii in that it is a less slender and brownish rather than yellowish shell; the first whorl increases in diameter less rapidly, and the sculpture is more prominently striated (with what are usually distinct riblets rather than coarse growth lines).[3]
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Ecology
editBalea perversa lives on mosses and at the bark of trees, also near roads, at walls and rocky slopes, at rocks, less commonly in ground litter.[3] It lives often on surfaces encrusted with lichens and other epiphytes.[3] It prefers trees with rough bark.[3] It prefers shady habitats in Portugal.[3] It may tolerate non-calcareous soils.[3] In Bulgaria it lives up to 1,600 m or perhaps to 2,400 m; in Switzerland up to 2,000 m.[3]
It is easily dispersed by birds.[3]
It feeds on mosses, algae, lichens, and cyanobacteria.[3]
It is ovoviviparous, self-fertilization predominates, even in laboratories when snails are kept in pairs.[3] Animals can reach maturity after 3–4 months under favourable conditions, one adult can give birth to 10-20 juveniles per year.[3] Animals can also be active in mild winters.[3]
It is locally threatened by too thorough and too frequent restorations of old buildings, acid rains, air pollution and cutting of old trees.[3] It has largely disappeared from inside cities.[3] Remains frequent in Ireland, but many colonies in lowland England have certainly disappeared, extinct around London since the 1920s.[3]
References
editThis article incorporates public domain text from the reference [3]
- ^ a b c Seddon, M.B. (2017). "Balea perversa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T171730A1330560. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T171730A1330560.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. - pp. [1-4], 1-824. Holmiæ. (Salvius). page 767.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "Species summary for Balea perversa". AnimalBase, last modified 12 April 2011, accessed 17 April 2011.
- ^ a b (in Czech) Horsák M., Juřičková L., Beran L., Čejka T. & Dvořák L. (2010). "Komentovaný seznam měkkýšů zjištěných ve volné přírodě České a Slovenské republiky. [Annotated list of mollusc species recorded outdoors in the Czech and Slovak Republics]". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca, Suppl. 1: 1-37. PDF.
- ^ a b Kantor Yu I., Vinarski M. V., Schileyko A. A. & Sysoev A. V. (published online on March 2, 2010). "Catalogue of the continental mollusks of Russia and adjacent territories". Version 2.3.1.
External links
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- Balea perversa at Animalbase
- Balea perversa images at Encyclopedia of Life