Sympetrum pedemontanum, the banded darter, is a dragonfly belonging to the genus Sympetrum. It is characterized by its small stature, dark wing bands, and red or yellow body. It lives in areas with low vegetation and stagnant or weakly flowing bodies of water. Although debate exists regarding the taxa's relationship to others in its genus, it can most commonly be identified by its wing bands, bilobed prothorax, and possibly its genitalia.
| Banded darter | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Infraorder: | Anisoptera |
| Family: | Libellulidae |
| Genus: | Sympetrum |
| Species: | S. pedemontanum
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| Binomial name | |
| Sympetrum pedemontanum (Mueller in Allioni, 1776)
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Habitat and distribution
editIt is wide spread across Eurasia[2] and is known for its tendency to cohabitate in artificial habitats.[3] It is Commonly found in irrigated hay meadows, semipermanent marsh lands,[3] rice paddy fields, and grasslands.[2] Showing a preference for banks with comparatively lower levels of vegetation,[3][4] they have a tendency for residing around trimmed grass and bodies of water as this is where they lay their eggs.[5] Banded darters lay their eggs in stagnant or weakly flowing shallow water.[2] Members of the Sympetrum family have the ability to detect horizontally polarized reflected light which allows them to find bodies of water and subsequently make their homes there.[6]
Life cycle
editSympetrum pedemontanum displays fluctuating and cyclical population growth.[3] Males form tandem pairs with females[2] displaying weak territoriality.[7] Females dip their abdomen into water to lay their eggs while males guard the females.[2] Although many species of Sympetrum have been known to display terrestrial oviposition.[5] Eggs of sympetrum typically hatch after around 80 to 230 days, and are laid in the summer.[5] The eggs undergo an overwinter period where larval dragonflies will hatch out in the subsequent summer.[5] The larvae mature and Adults typically emerge in summer with juveniles maturing in mid summer.[2] In Europe banded darters can be seen from mid July to around the end of October.[8]
Characteristics
edit
Sympetrum pedemontanum are comparatively smaller than most dragonfly species with an average size of less than 40mm.[9] Banded darters are characterized by the dark bands on their wings which is where they get their name. Bands on the hind wings tend to be slightly wider than the bands on their fore wings,[7][10] with variability in band size, shape and position seen across age and location as well as high levels of variability across populations.[10] With wider bands being observed in the west as well as the brightest bands being observed in the north.[10] Color intensity of bands tends to increase with age as well as changes in body color, with some juveniles displaying a yellow body color which changes to red in males as the dragonfly ages.[10] Sympetrum females tend to have a yellowish body while males are red or brownish red.[11] Spp pedemontanum, like most dragonflies, is diurnal with compound eyes able to detect colors and process images with high resolution.[12] Distinctive features include its red body in males and yellow body in females, black markings on thorax, abdomen, and legs, and a well developed raised posterior lobe, and its distinctive banded wings.[11][10] Sometimes females can be confused with males within the taxa Orthetrum anceps due to the similar yellow body color but can be easily discerned by the presence of antehumeral stripes exhibited by O. anceps.[11]
Feeding
editDragonflies are predators and voracious aerial hunters, Sympetrum pedemontanum is no different. Employing a method of underside attack[13] and using its compound eyes to help the dragonfly catch its prey.[14] Prey for adults consists of a variety of small insects.[11] Sympetrum in the larval stages keep their predatory nature and feed on many small pond organisms. The larval diet may consist of tadpoles, mosquitos and mayfly larvae, and small crustaceans.[11]
Taxonomy
editSympetrum pedemontanum belongs to a family consisting of three other dragonfly taxa: Sympetrum intermedium, Sympetrum kurentzovi, and Sympetrum elatum.[10] A lack of synapomorphies makes the taxa difficult to characterize[10] and leaves it open to debate about which species belong to the genus.[9] A common feature among sympetrum is a bilobed prothorax adorned with long setae, however this trait is also seen in similar genus of dragonflies.[9] North American species have more morphological similarities to palearctic and nearctic species but the similarities have not yet been addressed.[9] One synapomorphy of the genus seems to be a similarity between genitalia but this is also a weak and somewhat unreliable synapomorphy.[9]
References
edit- ^ Kalkman, V.J. (2014). "Sympetrum pedemontanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T165464A19170001. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T165464A19170001.en. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Higashikawa, Wataru; Yoshimura, Mayumi; Yagi, Tsuyoshi; Maeto, Kaoru (2017-11-01). "Short and flat grass preferred by adults of the endangered dragonfly Sympetrum pedemontanum elatum (Odonata: Libellulidae)". Applied Entomology and Zoology. 52 (4): 605–613. doi:10.1007/s13355-017-0514-z. ISSN 1347-605X. S2CID 256089806.
- ^ a b c d Lockwood, M. (2007-01-01). "Rediscovery of Sympetrum pedemontanum (Müller in Allioni) and S. vulgatum (L.) in Catalonia, NE Spain (Anisoptera: Libellulidae)". Notulae Odonatologicae. 6 (10): 115–118. ISSN 0166-6584.
- ^ A. Chovanec; M. Schindler; J. Waringer; R. Wimmer (May 7, 2014). "The Dragonfly Association Index (Insecta: Odonata)—a Tool for the Type-Specific Assessment of Lowland Rivers". River Research and Applications. 31 (5): 627–638. doi:10.1002/rra.2760. S2CID 129900543 – via Wiley Online Library.
- ^ a b c d Corbet, Philip S. (1980). "Biology Of Odonata". Annual Review of Entomology. 25: 189–217. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.25.010180.001201 – via Annual Reviews.
- ^ Gabor Horvath; Peter Malik; Gyorgy Kriska; Hansruedi Wildermuth (April 17, 2007). "Ecological traps for dragonflies in a cemetery: the attraction of Sympetrum species (Odonata: Libellulidae) by horizontally polarizing black gravestones". Freshwater Biology. 52 (9): 1701–1709. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01798.x – via Research Gate.
- ^ a b Gallesi, Marco Matteo; Mobili, Sara; Cigognini, Romeo; Hardersen, Sönke; Sacchi, Roberto (2015-12-01). "Sexual dimorphism in wings and wing bands of Sympetrum pedemontanum (Müller in Allioni 1776)". Zoomorphology. 134 (4): 531–540. doi:10.1007/s00435-015-0280-9. ISSN 1432-234X. S2CID 253983013.
- ^ Martins, Kalnins (February 4, 2002). "Banded Darter Sympetrum pedemontanum (Allioni, 1766) (Odonata: Libellulidae) – a new dragonfly species in the fauna of Latvia" (PDF). Entomological Society of Latvia. 39: 50–51 – via Latvijas Entomologs.
- ^ a b c d e Pilgrim, Erik; Dohlen, Carol (September 2012). "Phylogeny of the dragonfly genus Sympetrum (Odonata: Libellulidae)". Organisms Diversity and Evolution. 12 (3): 281–295. doi:10.1007/s13127-012-0081-7. S2CID 256011620 – via Research Gate.
- ^ a b c d e f g Popova, O.N. (October 22, 2003). "Infraspecific Taxonomy of Sympetrum pedemontanum" (PDF). Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology. 32 (Odonatologica): 207–216 – via Russian Academy of Sciences.
- ^ a b c d e Degabriele, Godwin (2013). "An overview of the dragonflies and damselflies of the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean) (Odonata)" (PDF). Bulletin of Entomological Society of Malta. 6: 5–127.
- ^ Zefang Deng; Feng Chen; Qing Yang; Hao Bian; Guangqing Du; Jiale Yong; Chao Shan; Xun Hou (February 8, 2016). "Dragonfly-Eye-Inspired Artificial Compound Eyes with Sophisticated Imaging". Advanced Functional Materials. 26 (12): 1995–2001. doi:10.1002/adfm.201504941. S2CID 138934431 – via Wiley Online Library.
- ^ Dickinson, Michael H. (2015-03-16). "Motor Control: How Dragonflies Catch Their Prey". Current Biology. 25 (6): R232–R234. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.046. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 25784042. S2CID 4905599.
- ^ Futahashi, Ryo (2016-10-01). "Color vision and color formation in dragonflies". Current Opinion in Insect Science. Global change biology * Molecular physiology. 17: 32–39. doi:10.1016/j.cois.2016.05.014. ISSN 2214-5745. PMID 27720071.