Banu al-Rand is a Sunni muslim Berber dynasty. Abdullah ibn Muhammed ibn al-Rand the estbalsiher of the dynasty was Gafsa governors appointed by zirids but after the arab invasions he declared independence in 1053 and estbalsihed a strong state in Ifriqiya. the state has fallen after Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi invaded Gafsa in 1159.
Banu al-Rand | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1053–1159 | |||||||||
.png) Map of Banu al-Rand emirate during the period of Abdullah ibn al-Rand which is the greatest extent of the dynasty | |||||||||
| Capital | Gafsa | ||||||||
| Official languages | Arabic, Berber | ||||||||
| Religion | Islam (Sunni) | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
• | Abdullah ibn Muhammed ibn al-Rand | ||||||||
• | Yahya ibn Tamim | ||||||||
| Emir | |||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1053 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1159 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Tunisia | ||||||||
Hisotry
editAl-Muizz ibn Badis appointed a governor from Sanhaja named Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Rand over Gafsa (Ibn khaldun said he was from Banu Sadghiyan tribe in Djerba. Ibn nuhayl said he was from Marinids of maghrawa).[1][2] When the Arabs invaded Ifriqiya, Abdullah seized the opportunity to prove himself, so he protected the city and strengthened security in it, as he agreed with the Arabs and paid them tribute. After that, he declared independence in Gafsa in 1053.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]Abdullah ibn al-Rand succeeded in adding Tozeur, Hamma and the Djerid region,Sousse, Nafzawa to his authirity and all these cities pledged allegiance to him.[1][2][9][11] Abdullah ibn al-Rand created a literary renaissance in his region, as poets and storytellers came to Gafsa. Abdullah was a Sunni Maliki Muslim who was very religious, and sheikhs and religious scholars were close to him. [1][2][12][13] Abdullah ibn al-Rand died in 1072 and his son Abu Omar Al-Mu'tazz took over power. His period was as successful as that of his father, as the peoples of Gafsa continued to obey their rulers, unlike the rest of Ifriqiya, which was full of revolutions. Al-Mu'tazz controlled the city, spread security and law, collected taxes, and annexed other cities such as Gammuda, Hawara mountains, and Djerid. However, he got old and became blind, and his son Tamim died during his father's lifetime, so he handed over the inheritance of rule to his grandson Yahya bin Tamim.[1][2][5][12] But Yahya Couped against his grandfather and took power, but he did not rule for long, as Abd al-Mu'min came and invaded Gafsa and arrested Banu al-Rand in 1159 and took them to Bejaia.[9][10][12][14][15] Al-Mu'tazz died in 1162 at the age of 114,[2] and it was said that he died at the age of 70.[2] Shortly after, his grandson Yahya died.[2]
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After the fall of the Banu al-Rand state, Numan ibn Abd al-Haqq al-Hintati was appointed governor of Gafsa. Then, three years later, Maimun ibn Ajana al-Kansifi was appointed, and after him, Imran ibn Musa al-Sanhaji was appointed. Imran was a bad ruler and mistreated the people, so they decided to revolt against him and contacted Ali Ibn Al-Aziz Ibn Al-Mu'tazz Ibn Abdullah Ibn Muhammad Ibn Al-Rand, who was a tailor in Bejaia. They asked him to come and become the ruler of Gafsa, and this is what happened. The people revolted and killed Imran Ibn Musa Al-Sanhaji, and Al-Aziz took over the rule. He was a good ruler, so he corrected the mistakes of the previous governor and treated the people well.[2][5][18][19][20][21]
The rule of the Almohad state was assumed by Abu Yaqub Yusuf bin Abd al-Mu'min. He had heard of the Banu al-Rand revolt in Gafsa, so he sent his brother Abu Zakariya to it in the year 1179. He besieged the city and imposed restrictions on it. After he succeeded in entering it, he destroyed it and killed a large number of the residents. He succeeded in capturing Ibn al-Rand (Ali) and killing him in 1180 or 1181. [2][18][19][20][21]
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List of Banu al-Rand rulers
editThis is the list of Banu al-rand rulers of gafsa: [23]
- Abdullah ibn Muhammed ibn al-Rand (1053-1073)
- Al-Mu'tazz Abu Omar ibn Abdullah (1073-?)
- Yahya ibn Tamim ibn Al-Mu'tazz (?-1159)
- Ali ibn Abdulaziz ibn Al-Mu'tazz (1168/1178-1171/1181)
Sources
edit- ^ a b c d e حسن, نجوان ابو بكر محمد. تاريخ افريقية السياسى والحضارى (in Arabic). ktab INC.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j IslamKotob. ديوان المبتدأ والخبر في تاريخ العرب والبربر ومن عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر - ج 6 (in Arabic). IslamKotob.
- ^ Ibrāhīm, ʻAfīfī Maḥmūd (1989). بنو زيري وعلاقتهم السياسية بالقوى الاسلامية في حوض البحر المتوسط (in Arabic). Maktabat al-Anjlū al-Miṣrīyah.
- ^ Zarkashī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm (1966). تاريخ الدولتين الموحدية والحفصية (in Arabic). المكتبة العتيقة،.
- ^ a b c خالد, سلاوي، احمد بن (2001). كتاب الاستقصا لأخبار دول المغرب الأقصى (in Arabic). منشورات وزارة الثقافة والاتصال،. ISBN 978-9981-822-26-9.
- ^ مؤنس, حسين (1992). تاريخ المغرب وحضارته (in Arabic). العصر الحديث،.
- ^ التهامي, هاني، (1997). قمودة، تاريخها وأعلامها (in Arabic). الاطلسية للنشر،. ISBN 978-9973-788-35-1.
- ^ "تاريخ ابن خلدون - ابن خلدون - ج ٦ - الصفحة ١٦٥". shiaonlinelibrary.com. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
- ^ a b c Baadj, Amar S. (2015-08-11). Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-29857-6.
- ^ a b Blichfeldt, Jan-Olaf (1985). Early Mahdism: Politics and Religion in the Formative Period of Islam. Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-07643-3.
- ^ Ibn-Ḫaldūn (1867). Kitab al-'Ibar wa diwan al-mubtada' wa al-habar fi ayyam al-'Arab wa al-'Agam wa al-Barbar wa man 'asarahum min dawi al-sultan al-akbar: al-Guz' al-sadis min Kitab al-'Ibar (in Arabic). al-Matba'a al-misriyya.
- ^ a b c خلدون, عبد الرحمن بن محمد الحضرمي/ابن (2012-01-01). تاريخ الأمازيغ والهجرة الهلالية (مقتطف من كتاب العبر) مع دراسة قبائل البافور الغامضة 1-2 ج1 (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN 978-2-7451-7435-2.
- ^ Frontiers, Museum With No (2002). Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia. Museum With No Frontiers. ISBN 978-1-874044-44-4.
- ^ Ḵaldūn, Abū Zayd ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b Muḥammad Ibn (1847). Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale (in Arabic).
- ^ خلدون, ابن. ديوان المبتدأ والخبر في تاريخ العرب والبربر ومن عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر - ج 6 (in Arabic). IslamKotob.
- ^ المغلوث, سامي بن عبدالله (2012-06-20). أطلس تاريخ الدولة العباسية (in Arabic). العبيكان للنشر. ISBN 978-603-503-187-5.
- ^ a b Most of the sources say banu al-rand restoration happend between 1178-1180. Expect of ibn khaldun, the only date he mentioned was in 1168 which was the year where abu zakariya invaded gafsa again (according to ibn khaldun). ibn khaldun is a trusted source but another sources and books gaved more clear and better details about the incident that's why It was relied upon on this page. sources are down there chek them
- ^ a b السلاوي, أبي العباس شهاب الدين أحمد/الدرعي (2014-01-01). الاستقصا لأخبار دول المغرب الأقصى 1-3 ج1 (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN 978-2-7451-5495-8.
- ^ a b IslamKotob. تراجم المؤلفين التونسيين - 4 (in Arabic). IslamKotob.
- ^ a b خلدون, عبد الرحمن بن محمد الحضرمي/ابن (2012-01-01). تاريخ الأمازيغ والهجرة الهلالية (مقتطف من كتاب العبر) مع دراسة قبائل البافور الغامضة 1-2 ج1 (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN 978-2-7451-7435-2.
- ^ a b الخليفات, محمد عطا الله (2020-10-06). "ثورة علي بن الرند في مدينة قفصة وموقف الموحدين منها (572- 576ه/ 1176- 1181م) "دراسة تاريخية"". مجلة العلوم الإنسانية و الإجتماعية (in Arabic). 4 (2): 146–134. doi:10.26389/AJSRP.M201119. ISSN 2522-3380.
- ^ "أطلس التاريخ الإسلامي". www.hukam.net. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
- ^ "بنو الرند في قفصة". www.hukam.net. Retrieved 2024-11-15.