Barons is a Latvian surname. Feminine form: Barona. Notable people with the surname include:
- Jānis Barons (1898–1945), Latvian anti-Soviet freedom fighter
- Kārlis Barons (1865–1944) Latvian professor of medicine, a signatory of a memorandum for restoration of Latvian souvereignty
- Krišjānis Barons, Latvian writer