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Barrow and Furness (UK Parliament constituency)

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Barrow and Furness, formerly known as Barrow-in-Furness, is a UK Parliament constituency[n 1] in Cumbria. It has been represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Michelle Scrogham of the Labour Party since 2024.[n 2]

Barrow and Furness
County constituency
for the House of Commons
Map of constituency
Boundary of Barrow and Furness in North West England
CountyCumbria
(Lancashire until 1974)
Population88,826 (2011 census)[1]
Electorate76,603 (2023)[2]
Major settlementsBarrow-in-Furness, Ulverston, Dalton-in-Furness, Millom
Current constituency
Created1885
Member of ParliamentMichelle Scrogham (Labour)
SeatsOne
Created fromNorth Lancashire

Since its inception in 1885, the constituency has been centred on the town of Barrow-in-Furness, at the tip of the Furness peninsula. Over the intervening years the constituency has periodically grown in size, and as of the 2024 United Kingdom general election it incorporates the entirety of the peninsula, the Eskdale and Duddon Valleys, and all of coastal West Cumbria as far north as Ravenglass.

History and profile

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The seat was established by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 and covers the southwest part of Cumbria. The largest town in the constituency, Barrow-in-Furness, grew on the back of the shipbuilding industry and is now the site of the BAE Systems nuclear submarine and shipbuilding operation. This reliance on the industry aligns many of its journalists and in its community with strong nuclear deterrents, from which Labour has recoiled since its involvement in the Iraq War that removed dictator Saddam Hussain. Labour Cabinet member Albert Booth represented Barrow for many years from 1966, but was defeated in 1983, in the aftermath of the Falklands War, by a Manchester lawyer, Cecil Franks of the Conservative Party, who retained the seat until 1992. Local media attributed this to widespread fears of job losses because the Labour Party was then signed up to doing away with all its nuclear capabilities including the submarines.[n 3] Other industries in the constituency currently include engineering and chemicals, and more than a quarter of all jobs are in manufacturing.

As Labour revised its policies by favouring the retention of Britain's nuclear capability, and following massive job losses in the town's shipbuilding industry, Labour's fortunes revived in Barrow. John Hutton took the seat back for Labour in 1992 and retained it until the 2010 general election, when he was replaced by John Woodcock, also of Labour. In 2001, Hutton had the support of more than half of all those who voted. The 2015 result gave the seat the 10th-smallest majority of Labour's 232 seats by percentage of majority.[3] In 2017, Woodcock's majority was reduced from 795 votes to 209 votes, the 16th smallest majority in the country.[4]

Following Woodcock's resignation from the Labour party in 2018, he stood down as an MP for the 2019 general election when the seat was gained by Conservative Simon Fell, who had contested the seat unsuccessfully in 2015 and 2017. He won with a slightly greater margin than Woodcock had when he first won the seat for Labour in 2010. The seat was retaken by Labour's Michelle Scrogham at the 2024 election with a majority of 12.6% - the same as Fell's majority in 2019.

Boundaries

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Map of boundaries 2010-2024
 
Map of boundaries from 2024

Historic

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Barrow-in-Furness in Lancashire, boundaries used 1974-83

1885–1918: The Municipal Borough of Barrow-in-Furness.[5]

1918–1950: The County Borough of Barrow-in-Furness.

1950–1983: The County Borough of Barrow-in-Furness and the Urban District of Dalton-in-Furness.

1983–2010: The entire District of Barrow-in-Furness and the following wards from the District of South Lakeland: Low Furness, Pennington, Ulverston Central, Ulverston East, Ulverston North, Ulverston South and Ulverston West.

2010–2024: The entire District of Barrow-in-Furness and the following wards from the District of South Lakeland: Broughton, Crake Valley, Low Furness & Swarthmoor, Ulverston Central, Ulverston East, Ulverston North, Ulverston South, Ulverston Town and Ulverston West.

Current

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The 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies was carried out using the local authority structure as it existed in Cumbria on 1 December 2020 and is officially defined as:

  • The Borough of Barrow-in-Furness.
  • The Borough of Copeland wards of: Black Combe & Scafell; Millom.
  • The District of South Lakeland wards of: Broughton & Coniston (polling districts AHA, AHB, AHC, BZ, CA, CB, CL and CY); Furness Peninsula; Ulverston East; Ulverston West.[6]

With effect from 1 April 2023, the second tier councils in Cumbria were abolished and replaced by the new unitary authorities of Cumberland, and Westmorland and Furness.[7] Consequently, the constituency now comprises the following from the 2024 general election:

  • The Cumberland wards of: Millom; Millom Without (most).
  • The Westmorland and Furness wards of: Dalton North; Dalton South; Hawcoat and Newbarns; High Furness; Low Furness; Old Barrow and Hindpool; Ormsgill and Parkside; Risedale and Roosecote; Ulverston; Walney Island; and a very small part of Coniston and Hawkshead.[8]

The constituency was expanded to bring the electorate within the permitted range by transferring the town of Millom from the abolished constituency of Copeland.

Members of Parliament

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Election Member[9] Party
1885 David Duncan Liberal
1886 by-election William Sproston Caine Liberal
1886 Liberal Unionist
1890 by-election James Duncan Liberal
1892 Charles Cayzer Conservative
1906 Charles Duncan Labour
1918 Robert Chadwick Conservative
1922 Daniel Somerville Conservative
1924 John Bromley Labour
1931 Jonah Walker-Smith Conservative
1945 Walter Monslow Labour
1966 Albert Booth Labour
1983 Constituency renamed "Barrow and Furness"
Cecil Franks Conservative
1992 John Hutton Labour
2010 John Woodcock Labour Co-op
2018 Independent
2019 Simon Fell Conservative
2024 Michelle Scrogham Labour

Election results

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Elections in the 21st century

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Elections in the 2020s

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General election 2024: Barrow and Furness[10]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Michelle Scrogham[11] 18,537 43.9 +5.7
Conservative Simon Fell[12] 13,213 31.3 −21.8
Reform UK Barry Morgan[13] 7,035 16.7 +14.0
Liberal Democrats Adrian Waite[14] 1,680 4.0 −0.5
Green Lorraine Wrennall[15] 1,466 3.5 +2.0
Party of Women Lisa Morgan[16] 290 0.7 N/A
Majority 5,324 12.6 N/A
Turnout 42,221 56.3 −8.3
Labour gain from Conservative Swing   13.7

Elections in the 2010s

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Results for Barrow and Furness since 1997, as to those parties/others who at some point have kept their deposit in this time. This means have won 5% of the vote, or more.
General election 2019: Barrow and Furness[17][18]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Simon Fell 23,876 51.9   4.9
Labour Chris Altree 18,087 39.3   8.2
Liberal Democrats Loraine Birchall 2,025 4.4   1.7
Brexit Party Ged McGrath 1,355 2.9 New
Green Chris Loynes 703 1.5   0.7
Majority 5,789 12.6 N/A
Turnout 46,046 65.8   2.7
Conservative gain from Labour Swing   6.5
General election 2017: Barrow and Furness[19][20]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Co-op John Woodcock 22,592 47.5   5.2
Conservative Simon Fell 22,383 47.0   6.5
Liberal Democrats Loraine Birchall 1,278 2.7   0.0
UKIP Alan Piper 962 2.0   9.7
Green Rob O'Hara 375 0.8   1.7
Majority 209 0.5   1.3
Turnout 47,590 68.5   5.2
Labour hold Swing   0.7
General election 2015: Barrow and Furness[21][22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Co-op John Woodcock 18,320 42.3   5.8
Conservative Simon Fell 17,525 40.5   4.2
UKIP Nigel Cecil 5,070 11.7   9.8
Liberal Democrats Clive Peaple 1,169 2.7   7.3
Green Rob O'Hara 1,061 2.5   1.3
Independent Ian Jackson 130 0.3 New
Majority 795 1.8   10.0
Turnout 43,275 63.3   0.4
Labour hold Swing   5.0
General election 2010: Barrow and Furness[23][24]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Co-op John Woodcock 21,226 48.1   2.9
Conservative John Gough 16,018 36.3   3.7
Liberal Democrats Barry Rabone 4,424 10.0   7.9
UKIP John Smith 841 1.9   0.2
BNP Mike Ashburner 840 1.9 New
Green Chris Loynes 530 1.2 New
Independent Brian Greaves 245 0.6 New
Majority 5,208 11.8   0.8
Turnout 44,124 63.7   4.8
Labour hold Swing   0.4

Elections in the 2000s

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General election 2005: Barrow and Furness[25]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour John Hutton 17,360 47.6   8.1
Conservative William Dorman 11,323 31.0   0.7
Liberal Democrats Barry Rabone 6,130 16.8   4.6
UKIP Alan Beach 758 2.1   0.3
Build Duddon and Morecambe Bridges Timothey Bell 409 1.1 New
Veritas Brian Greaves 306 0.8 New
Independent Helene Young 207 0.6 New
Majority 6,037 16.6   8.8
Turnout 36,493 59.0   1.3
Labour hold Swing   4.4
General election 2001: Barrow and Furness[26]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour John Hutton 21,724 55.7   1.6
Conservative James Airey 11,835 30.3   3.1
Liberal Democrats Barry Rabone 4,750 12.2   3.4
UKIP John Smith 711 1.8 New
Majority 9,889 25.4   4.7
Turnout 39,020 60.3   11.7
Labour hold Swing   2.4
 

Elections in the 20th century

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Elections in the 1990s

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General election 1997: Barrow and Furness[27]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour John Hutton 27,630 57.3   9.6
Conservative Richard Hunt 13,133 27.2   14.1
Liberal Democrats Anne A. Metcalfe 4,264 8.8   2.1
Independent Jim Hamezeian 1,995 4.1 New
Referendum David Y. Mitchell 1,208 2.5 New
Majority 14,497 30.1   23.7
Turnout 48,230 72.0   10.0
Labour hold Swing   11.9
General election 1992: Barrow and Furness[28][29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour John Hutton 26,568 47.7   8.4
Conservative Cecil Franks 22,990 41.3   5.2
Liberal Democrats Clive J. Crane 6,089 10.9   3.4
Majority 3,578 6.4 N/A
Turnout 55,647 82.0   3.0
Labour gain from Conservative Swing   6.8

Elections in the 1980s

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General election 1987: Barrow and Furness[30]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Cecil Franks 25,431 46.5   2.9
Labour Peter Phizacklea 21,504 39.3   4.6
SDP Richard Phelps 7,799 14.3   7.4
Majority 3,927 7.2   1.7
Turnout 54,731 79.0   3.8
Conservative hold Swing   0.9
General election 1983: Barrow and Furness[31]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Cecil Franks 22,284 43.6
Labour Albert Booth 17,707 34.7
SDP David Cottier 11,079 21.7 New
Majority 4,577 8.9 N/A
Turnout 51,070 75.2
Conservative gain from Labour Swing

Elections in the 1970s

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General election 1979: Barrow in Furness
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Albert Booth 22,687 53.24
Conservative Patrick Thompson 14,946 35.07
Liberal G. Thompson 4,983 11.69
Majority 7,741 18.17
Turnout 42,616 78.26
Labour hold Swing
General election October 1974: Barrow in Furness
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Albert Booth 21,607 51.41
Conservative Richard Cecil 14,253 33.91
Liberal M.A. Benjamin 5,788 13.77
Independent V. Moore 384 0.91
Majority 7,354 17.50
Turnout 42,032 77.06
Labour hold Swing
General election February 1974: Barrow in Furness
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Albert Booth 19,925 46.11
Conservative D.G.P. Bloomer 14,818 34.29
Liberal M. Benjamin 8,470 19.60 New
Majority 5,107 11.82
Turnout 43,213 79.97
Labour hold Swing
General election 1970: Barrow in Furness
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Albert Booth 22,400 56.09
Conservative Hal Miller 17,536 43.91
Majority 4,864 12.18
Turnout 39,936 73.69
Labour hold Swing

Elections in the 1960s

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General election 1966: Barrow in Furness
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Albert Booth 23,485 60.31
Conservative Richard W. Rollins 15,453 39.69
Majority 8,032 20.62
Turnout 38,938 76.78
Labour hold Swing
General election 1964: Barrow in Furness
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Walter Monslow 22,197 55.13
Conservative Peter Davies 18,068 44.87
Majority 4,129 10.26
Turnout 40,265 78.03
Labour hold Swing

Elections in the 1950s

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General election 1959: Barrow in Furness
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Walter Monslow 23,194 54.68
Conservative Malcolm Metcalf 19,220 45.32
Majority 3,974 9.36
Turnout 42,414 81.72
Labour hold Swing
General election 1955: Barrow in Furness
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Walter Monslow 22,792 53.22
Conservative Edward du Cann 20,033 46.78
Majority 2,759 6.44
Turnout 42,825 80.69
Labour hold Swing
General election 1951: Barrow in Furness
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Walter Monslow 26,709 56.91
Conservative Kenneth F. Lawton 20,225 43.09
Majority 6,484 13.82
Turnout 46,934 86.18
Labour hold Swing
General election 1950: Barrow in Furness
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Walter Monslow 26,342 56.27
Conservative Wilfrid Sugden 16,793 35.87
Liberal Herbert Alexander Anderson Jardine 3,678 7.86 New
Majority 9,549 20.40
Turnout 46,813 87.83
Labour hold Swing

Elections in the 1940s

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General election 1945: Barrow in Furness[32]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Walter Monslow 25,939 65.5   15.8
Conservative Jonah Walker-Smith 13,648 34.5   15.8
Majority 12,291 31.0 N/A
Turnout 39,587 79.7   5.7
Labour gain from Conservative Swing   15.8

Elections in the 1930s

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General Election 1939–40

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the Autumn of 1939, the following candidates had been selected;

General election 1935: Barrow in Furness[32]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Jonah Walker-Smith 18,136 50.3   6.5
Labour Percy Barstow 17,919 49.7   6.5
Majority 217 0.6   12.8
Turnout 36,055 85.4   3.5
Conservative hold Swing   6.5
General election 1931: Barrow in Furness[32]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Jonah Walker-Smith 20,794 56.8   12.8
Labour David Adams 15,835 43.2   12.8
Majority 4,959 13.4 N/A
Turnout 36,629 88.9   2.1
Conservative gain from Labour Swing   12.8

Elections in the 1920s

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General election 1929: Barrow in Furness[32]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour John Bromley 19,798 56.0   4.8
Unionist Kenneth McDonald Cameron 15,551 44.0   4.8
Majority 4,247 12.0   9.6
Turnout 35,349 86.8   3.1
Labour hold Swing   4.8
General election 1924: Barrow in Furness[32]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour John Bromley 15,512 51.2   5.2
Unionist Daniel Somerville 14,802 48.8   1.3
Majority 710 2.4 N/A
Turnout 30,314 89.9   3.6
Labour gain from Unionist Swing   1.9
General election 1923: Barrow in Furness[32]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Unionist Daniel Somerville 13,996 47.5   5.6
Labour John Bromley 13,576 46.0   0.9
Liberal William Hood Wandless 1,931 6.5 New
Majority 420 1.5   4.7
Turnout 29,503 86.3   0.8
Unionist hold Swing   2.3
General election 1922: Barrow in Furness[32]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Unionist Daniel Somerville 16,478 53.1 +2.5
Labour John Bromley 14,551 46.9   2.5
Majority 1,927 6.2   5.0
Turnout 31,299 87.1   21.0
Unionist hold Swing   2.5

Elections in the 1910s

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General election 1918: Barrow in Furness[32]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Unionist Robert Burton-Chadwick 12,608 50.6   3.5
Labour Charles Duncan 12,309 49.4   3.5
Majority 299 1.2 N/A
Turnout 24,917 66.1   20.7
Unionist gain from Labour Swing   3.5

General Election 1914–15:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;

General election December 1910: Barrow-in-Furness[35][36]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Charles Duncan 4,810 52.9   2.3
Conservative Francis Hugo Lindley Meynell 4,290 47.1   2.3
Majority 520 5.8   4.6
Turnout 9,100 86.8   4.8
Registered electors 10,478
Labour hold Swing   2.3
General election January 1910: Barrow-in-Furness[35][36]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Charles Duncan 5,304 55.2   5.1
Conservative Francis Hugo Lindley Meynell 4,298 44.8   5.1
Majority 1,006 10.4   10.2
Turnout 9,602 91.6   0.8
Registered electors 10,478
Labour hold Swing   5.1

Elections in the 1900s

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Duncan
General election 1906: Barrow-in-Furness[35][37]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Repr. Cmte. Charles Duncan 5,167 60.3 New
Conservative Charles Cayzer 3,395 39.7 N/A
Majority 1,772 20.6 N/A
Turnout 8,562 90.8 N/A
Registered electors 9,426
Labour Repr. Cmte. gain from Conservative Swing N/A
General election 1900: Barrow-in-Furness[35][37][38]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Charles Cayzer Unopposed
Conservative hold

Elections in the 19th century

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Elections in the 1890s

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Bonnerjee
 
Curran
General election 1895: Barrow-in-Furness[35][37][38]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Charles Cayzer 3,192 53.6   0.2
Liberal Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 2,355 39.5   7.1
Ind. Labour Party Pete Curran 414 6.9 New
Majority 837 14.1   7.3
Turnout 5,961 89.4   0.3
Registered electors 6,665
Conservative hold Swing   3.7
General election 1892: Barrow-in-Furness[35][37]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Charles Cayzer 3,312 53.4   9.7
Liberal James Duncan 2,890 46.6   9.7
Majority 422 6.8   19.4
Turnout 6,202 89.1   5.1
Registered electors 6,958
Conservative hold Swing   9.7
1890 Barrow-in-Furness by-election[35][37]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal James Duncan 1,944 38.2   1.3
Conservative Herbert Henry Wainwright 1,862 36.6   26.5
Independent Liberal William Sproston Caine 1,280 25.2 New
Majority 82 1.6 N/A
Turnout 5,086 84.3   0.3
Registered electors 6,034
Liberal gain from Liberal Unionist Swing   13.9


Elections in the 1880s

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General election 1886: Barrow-in-Furness[35][37]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Unionist William Sproston Caine 3,212 63.1   16.2
Liberal John Ainsworth 1,882 36.9   16.2
Majority 1,330 26.2 N/A
Turnout 5,094 84.0   7.9
Registered electors 6,063
Liberal Unionist gain from Liberal Swing   16.2
 
Ainsworth
1886 Barrow-in-Furness by-election[35][37]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal William Sproston Caine 3,109 58.7   5.6
Conservative Gainsford Bruce 2,174 41.0   5.9
Independent Liberal W H M Edmunds 15 0.3 New
Majority 935 17.7   11.5
Turnout 5,298 87.4   4.5
Registered electors 6,063
Liberal hold Swing   5.8
 
Bruce
General election 1885: Barrow-in-Furness[35][37][39]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal David Duncan 2,958 53.1
Conservative Henry Schneider 2,612 46.9
Majority 346 6.2
Turnout 5,570 91.9
Registered electors 6,063
Liberal win (new seat)

The election was declared void on petition, causing a by-election.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ A county constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)
  2. ^ As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.
  3. ^ See Labour Party and Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

References

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  1. ^ "Usual Resident Population, 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  2. ^ "The 2023 Review of Parliamentary Constituency Boundaries in England – Volume two: Constituency names, designations and composition – North West". Boundary Commission for England. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  3. ^ "Labour Members of Parliament 2015". UK Political.info. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018.
  4. ^ "Marginal Seats". tutor2u. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  5. ^ "Chap. 23. Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885". The Public General Acts of the United Kingdom passed in the forty-eighth and forty-ninth years of the reign of Queen Victoria. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. 1885. pp. 111–198.
  6. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023". Schedule 1 Part 5 North West region.
  7. ^ "The Cumbria (Structural Changes) Order 2022".
  8. ^ "New Seat Details - Barrow and Furness". www.electoralcalculus.co.uk. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  9. ^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "B" (part 1)
  10. ^ "Barrow | General Election 2024 | Sky News". election.news.sky.com. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  11. ^ "Barrow and Furness Labour candidate for next election chosen". The Mail. 3 April 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  12. ^ Pye, Daniel (17 March 2023). "Simon Fell to stand as Conservative candidate for Barrow". The Mail in South Cumbria. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  13. ^ "Barrow and Furness Constituency: PPC - Barry Morgan". Reform UK. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  14. ^ "Liberal Democrats Adrian Waite to fight to become Barrow MP". The Mail. 21 November 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  15. ^ "Help get Furness Greens into General Election '24". Crowdfunder. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  16. ^ "Introducing your Barrow and Furness General Election candidates for 2024". The Mail. 7 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  17. ^ "Barrow & Furness Parliamentary constituency". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  18. ^ Council, Barrow Borough (12 December 2019). "Turnout was 65.79% with 46,155 votes cast. Counting continues #GE2019". @BarrowCouncil. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  19. ^ "Statement of Persons Nominated". Barrow Borough Council. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  20. ^ "Barrow & Furness parliamentary constituency". BBC News.
  21. ^ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  22. ^ "Barrow & Furness". BBC News. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  23. ^ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  24. ^ "Barrow & Furness". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 May 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  25. ^ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  26. ^ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  27. ^ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  28. ^ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  29. ^ "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  30. ^ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  31. ^ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig
  33. ^ Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939
  34. ^ Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser 15 Jan 1914
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j British Parliamentary Election Results 1885-1918, FWS Craig
  36. ^ a b Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h The Liberal Year Book, 1907
  38. ^ a b Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1901
  39. ^ Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1886
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54°06′43″N 3°10′41″W / 54.112°N 3.178°W / 54.112; -3.178

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