Basidiolichens are lichenized members of the Basidiomycota. They form a diverse yet much smaller group of lichens than the far more common ascolichens of the Ascomycota.[1] Basidiolichen species may be distributed in a cosmopolitan manner or more regionally, ranging from arctic and montane habitats to more temperate and tropical environments. Within and between basidiolichen genera, basidiocarp and thallus structures may vary widely. Owing to how few species there are, basidiolichens are generally considered to be poorly researched,[2] and few studies that characterize their natural products exist.
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Taxonomy
editBasidiolichen mycobionts comprise 172 known species across 15 genera, 5 families, and 5 orders within the class Agaricomycetes.[1] The majority of described basidiolichen mycobionts belong to the genus Cora, followed by the genera Dictyonema and Multiclavula. Other genera include Acantholichen, Arrhenia, Athelia, Athelopsis, Corella, Cyphellostereum, Ertzia, Lepidostroma, Lichenomphalia, Marchandiomphalina, Semiomphalina, and Sulzbacheromyces.[1][2] The species Marasmiellus affixus is suggested to be yet another lichen-forming basidiomycete,[3] but this has yet to be proven.[2][4]
Basidiolichen photobionts often belong to the cyanobacterial genera Scytonema and Rhizonema or the algal genus Coccomyxa.[2]
Biogeography
editIn arctic, alpine, and temperate forests, the most common basidiolichens are in the agaric genus Lichenomphalia[5] (including former members of Omphalina or Gerronema) and the clavarioid genus Multiclavula.[6] Several lichenized genera occur in tropical regions, the most common being the foliose Dictyonema.
Morphology
editThe interactions between mycobionts and photobionts in basidiolichens occur primarily at the level of the thallus. In basidiolichens of the genera Acantholichen, Cora, and Dictyonema, photobionts may be penetrated by hyphal tips called haustoria and thereby assimilated into the complete lichen thallus. In some Lepidostroma species, the hyphal tips may develop into flattened appressoria to interact with the photobiont. In species of Athelia, Athelopsis, Cyphellostereum, Lepidostroma, and especially Multiclavula, the association takes the form of globular photobiont clusters ensheathed by fungal hyphae.[2]
Natural products
editThe lichen species Cora glabrata has been reported to produce a hemagglutinating lectin[7] as well as various polysaccharides, including a unique (1→6)-linked β-D-mannan.[8]
Tentative chemical analyses suggest that the newly described Dictyonema huaorani produces the psychedelic psilocybin.[9] The basidiolichen was previously reported to have been used in the Ecuadorian Amazon by Huaorani shamans to call upon evil spirits and curse people.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b c Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017-01-03). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota – Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist. 119 (4): 361. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. ISSN 0007-2745.
- ^ a b c d e Oberwinkler, F. (2012), Hock, Bertold (ed.), "16 Basidiolichens", Fungal Associations, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 341–362, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30826-0_16, ISBN 978-3-642-30826-0, retrieved 2024-09-17
- ^ Dennis, R. W. G.; Singer, R. (1973). "The Genera Marasmiellus, Crepidotus and Simocybe in the Neotropics". Mycologia. 66 (2): 382. doi:10.2307/3758379. ISSN 0027-5514.
- ^ "Marasmiellus affixus - Lichen Case Studies". www.anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-10-19.
- ^ "Lichenomphalia umbellifera. photo - cvcc photos at pbase.com". Retrieved 2009-01-12.
- ^ "Multiclavula corynoides". Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
- ^ Elifio, Selene L.; De Lourdes C. C. Da Silva, Maria; Iacomini, Marcello; Gorin, Philip A. J. (2000-11-27). "A lectin from the lichenized Basidiomycete Dictyonema glabratum". New Phytologist. 148 (2): 327–334. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00758.x. ISSN 0028-646X.
- ^ Carbonero, E (2002-01-10). "A (1→6)-linked β-mannopyrananan, pseudonigeran, and a (1→4)-linked β-xylan, isolated from the lichenised basidiomycete Dictyonema glabratum". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 206 (2): 175–178. doi:10.1016/S0378-1097(01)00506-7.
- ^ Schmull, Michaela; Dal-Forno, Manuela; Lücking, Robert; Cao, Shugeng; Clardy, Jon; Lawrey, James D (2014). "Dictyonema huaorani (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), a new lichenized basidiomycete from Amazonian Ecuador with presumed hallucinogenic properties". The Bryologist. 117 (4): 386–394. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-117.4.386. ISSN 0007-2745.
- ^ Davis, E. Wade; Yost, James A. (1983). "Novel Hallucinogens from Eastern Ecuador". Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University. 29 (3): 291–295. ISSN 0006-8098.
External links
edit- BioImages Several photos of Lichenomphalia umbellifera
- New Zealand Fungi Images of Lichenomphalia alpina and its synonyms
- The Field Museum Photos of several lichens, including Dictyonema
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