The Battle of Chumb (3 December – 16 December 1971) was a major battle between the forces of Pakistan and India during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war. It was one of the first major engagements in the western front of the war in which the Pakistani 23rd Division captured the strategically important city of Chumb from the Indian 10th Infantry Division.[1][4][5]
| Battle of Chumb (1971) | |||||||||
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| Part of 1971 Indo-Pakistani War | |||||||||
Top to bottom, left to right:
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 India |
 Pakistan | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
 Maj. Gen. Jaswant Singh |
 Maj. Gen. Iftikhar Janjua † | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
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List of Indian units
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List of Pakistani units
 Local volunteers | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
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Pakistani casualties
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| Source(s):[1][2][3] | |||||||||
  Chamb Location of the battle with present−day geopolitical borders in the Kashmir region | |||||||||
Background
editPrior to the outbreak of war in 1971, Chumb was under Indian control, having been handed back by Pakistan under the Tashkent Agreement after the Battle of Chumb (1965) during the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War.
Pakistani plans and preparations
editThe offensive was designed by Pakistani military planners as a defensive maneuver to prevent the Indians from using Chumb as a base of operations to attack Gujrat, Lalamusa and Kharian as the crucial north–south line of communication i.e. - the Grand Trunk Road lay between 35 and 40 miles from Chumb.[6][5]
The Pakistan Army's 23 Division which was responsible for operations in the area had received orders from the GHQ to capture and protect the Chumb-Dewa sector. It had 5 infantry brigades and 26 Cavalry as its main armored force which had old M4A1E6 Shermans. Hence, 11 Cavalry with T-59s and an Independent Armored Squadron with M36B2s from the 6th Armored Division along with an infantry brigade and artillery resources from the I Corps were transferred a month prior to the war to support the 23 Division's force.[5][7][8]
Indian plans and preparations
editHaving learnt from Operation Grand Slam, the Indian Army's 10th Division was responsible to prevent a Pakistani advance towards Akhnoor which served as the main line of communications between India and Indian Administered Kashmir. Though the Pakistani Army wasn't in a state to start an offensive of this scale, the division was tasked to defend the Chhamb-Jourian sector and also attack across the border. In addition to its regular brigades (28, 52 and 191); 68 Infantry Brigade, which was the XV Corps reserve brigade in the Kashmir valley was earmarked as its fourth brigade. 191 Brigade was moved to Chhamb, 68 Brigade was kept as reserve at Akhnoor, while the other infantry brigades and armoured elements were at Kalit-Troti. Anticipating the onset of a Pakistani attack, 52 Brigade was deployed in the area Nawan Harimpur, 28 Brigade on the Kalidhar range and 68 Brigade to the Troti heights.[7][5]
Strength
editBrigadier Amar Cheema of the Indian Army, while comparing the strength of two countries during the battle, claimed that the Indian Armed Forces had superior tanks such as T-55 and T-54 who were equipped with 100 mm guns. They were said to be far superior to those of the Pakistani Type 59 tank.[9]
The Indian T-55 tanks also possessed APDS ammunition firing capability which the Pakistani Type 59 tanks did not have. The T-55 had a far superior stabilization system.[5]
Cheema also claims that there was near parity in terms of artillery but, when it came to infantry, the Pakistan army had fewer soldiers than the Indian army during the battle. He states that "it was this battle which helped in sustaining the morale of Pakistan army. The Indians, on the other hand, describe it as a most serious reverse suffered in the 1971 war".[9]
Outcome
editThe fierce battle led to thousands of civilians evacuating the area.[10]
Towards the end of the battle, the Indian Army hastily retreated from the area with little resistance, leaving behind entire volumes of sensitive documents and radios tuned to their respective codes.[10]
Under the Simla Agreement, signed between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972, Pakistan retained the territory it captured in the Chumb sector.[11]
Media
edit- "Pakistani and Indian Armies Confront Each Other near Captured Town of Chhamb in Indian Kashmir (1971)". British Pathe.
- "Casualties Mount as Fierce Fighting Continues in Southern Kashmir". Reuters.
- "West Pakistan : Pakistan Army Displays Captured Indian Troops; Pakistani Reservists Train with Rifles (1971)". British Pathe.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Ghuman, Israr (2019). Battle Honour Chhamb 1971. Vanguard Books. ISBN 9789692341608.
- ^ Tufail, Kaiser (2020). Against All Odds. Helion & Company. ISBN 9781913118648.
- ^ "Battle of Chhamb 71 : Through the 6/5 Lenses of an FAC". Bharat Rakshak. 2020-12-09.
- ^ "1971 Indo-Pak War: Pakistan's strategic triumph in Chhamb sector". Samaa News. 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
- ^ a b c d e Amin, Agha. "The Battle of Chamb-1971". Archived from the original on 2000-08-29.
- ^ Hamid, Syed. At the Forward Edge of Battle - A History of the Pakistan Armoured Corps 1938-2016. Helion & Company. ISBN 9789692310109.
- ^ a b Singh, Jagjit (1994). Indian Gunners at War: The Western Front 1971. Spantech & Lancer. ISBN 978-1897829554.
- ^ Lt. Col. Muhammad Usman Hassan. "Battle Lore – On Breakthrough in Chamb". Soldiers Speak, Selected Articles from Pakistan Army Journal 1956–1981. Army Education Press, GHQ, Rawalpindi.
- ^ a b Brigadier Amar Cheema (2015). The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective. Lancer Publishers. pp. 297–298. ISBN 978-81-7062-301-4.
The contention that this was the most serious reverse for India in the war is also correct as it was here that Pakistan could maximise their territorial gains amounting to some 400 Sq. Km.... The way it ultimately planned out, Chamb was the only sector in J&K where the Indian forces suffered setback and this was attributable to Indian operational stance and inadequate preparation for the defensive battle for which the formation had been mandated.....Loss of territory in the sector for both sides was unacceptable, yet it was India who let this happen.
- ^ a b Kamm, Henry (1971-12-13). "Pakistani Forces Take Ghost Town in Kashmir". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
The Pakistani contention that the enemy left this side of the river in a rout is sustained by what they left behind. Entire volumes of records of the Sikh and Gurkha battalions that bore the brunt of the fighting were found in the large, neat camps from which they fled without destroying anything. On the ridgeline, the defenders left communication equipment tuned to their air and ground frequencies and did not bother to destroy their codes.
- ^ "Agreement between the Government of India and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Bilateral Relations (Simla Agreement)". UN Peacemaker. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
Further reading
edit- VSM, Brig Amar Cheema (31 March 2015), The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective, Lancer Publishers, pp. 297–, ISBN 978-81-7062-301-4