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The Battle of Kishegyes (now Mali Iđoš, Vojvodina, Serbia) was a battle in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. It was fought between the Hungarian Revolutionary Army and the Habsburg Corps from July 11 to 15, 1849. The Hungarian Revolutionary Army was under the command of Antal Vetter and Richard Guyon, while the Habsburg Corps was under the Ban of Croatia's Lieutenant Field Marshal, Josip Jelačić, in alliance with the Croatian and Serbian units. Jelačić, wanting to surprise the Hungarians with a night attack, accidentally ran into their positions. Soon afterwards, Hungarian troops attacked Jelačić's army, defeating it and forcing it to retreat to the Titel plateau, which was fortified by the Serbians. As a result, the Hungarian forces retook regions from Bácska, lost after the Battle of Káty, and gained territory back after the initiative on the Southern front.
| Battle of Kisegyes | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 | |||||||
 Battle of Kishegyes 14 July 1849 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Hungarian Revolutionary Army | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Antal Vetter Richard Guyon |
 Josip Jelačić | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
Total: 8,360 + ? (61 infantry companies, 14 cavalry companies) 46 cannons Did not participate: 6,603 (37 infantry companies, 8 cavalry companies) 17 cannons |
17,994 men (112 infantry companies, 30 cavalry companies) 73 cannons | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
Total: 226 81 dead, 145 wounded |
Total: 985 164 dead, 473 wounded, 348 missing and captured[1] | ||||||
Background
editAfter the Hungarian Revolutionary Army was defeated in Káty on June 7 and in Budapest on June 25, Lieutenant General Antal Vetter was named as the new Hungarian main commander. Vetter placed his headquarters in Topolya[2] and started to reorganize his troops.[3] On July 12, the Hungarian troops were reinforced by the division led by Major General György Kmety, who went from western Hungary to the southern front after Hungary's defeat at the Battle of Ihász on June 27;[3] and the Pereczy brigade, increasing the Hungarian army's size to 20,000 soldiers.[2] Afterwards, Vetter decided to attack Jelačić. He planned to feign attacks along the Ferenc Channel (Ferenc csatorna/K.K. Franzens Schiffahrts Canal) to attract Jelačić's attention in that direction, sending the Kmety division westwards to cross the canal at Szivác and attack the Austrians at Kula from the side, while the IV corps, led by Richard Guyon, had to attack them from the front.[3] However, Jelačić suspected that the Hungarians were planning something, and he felt his position insecure, fearing that the Hungarian garrison from the fortress of Pétervárad could attack him from the back at any time. On July 5, he sent the Ottinger cavalry brigade to Kishegyes, and the Horváth cavalry brigade to Zombor in reconnaissance.[3]
The Ottinger brigade retreated to Verbász after a skirmish with the Hungarian units stationed at Kishegyes. The Horváth brigade retreated from Zombor on July 10, when the Kmety division arrived there.[3] Sensing that the division of Guyon stationing at Kishegyes would soon join with the Kmety division,[2] he felt that he had three options: to remain in defense alongside the Ferenc channel, which would expose his troops to a Hungarian attack from the front or the back, to retreat to the fortified Titel plateau, or to attack the Hungarians before they joined their forces using the tactic of defeat in detail.[3] He decided to attack the Hungarian troops stationed at Kishegyes, Szeghegy and Feketehegy, which were closest to him, first.[3] In the case of a victory, he hoped that his troops would be safe from Hungarian attacks until Julius Jacob von Haynau's main Austrian army arrived from Komárom two or three weeks later.[3] Jelačić knew the dangers of his operation. To avoid the danger, he decided that in the case of a defeat, his troops would be cut from their retreat route, and pushed into the waters of the Ferenc channel. He ordered the Draskovich brigade, which remained on the other side of the channel, to build a bridge at Futak, in order to come to the rescue if necessary.[4] He left two battalions and a battery in Bácsföldvár, Szenttamás, and Verbász, and two cavalry companies at Kula to guard his crossing troops.[4] He put all these units under the leadership of Lieutenant General Kriegern after leaving them.[2]
Guyon learned about Jelačić's attack plan, so he prepared a defense position centered on Kishegyes with his troops numbering around 8,000, but he could not count on Kmety's 4000 soldiers, who were on a mission towards Kula.[2]
Kishegyes, Szeghegy, and Feketehegy lay in the valley of the Krivaja Creek. Szeghegy was located on the right bank of Krivaja, while the other two villages were crossed by it.[4] The position of the Hungarian troops, led by General Guyon, intersected diagonally the Verbász-Kishegyes-Topolya road, on which Jellačić's troops were marching.[4] Kishegyes and Szeghegy were by the Pereczi division, while Feketehegy was guarded by the Igmándy division.[4] The reserve remained at Topolya.[2] Guyon calculated that if Jelačić's troops attacked him, his right-wing from Kishegyes would tie down the attacker, while his center from Szeghegy and left-wing from Feketehegy would attack the Ban from the flank.[2]
On July 14 July, the Bánffy division was at Perlasz, on the other side of the river Tisza, quite opposite to the Titel plateau, far away from the future battlefield, but still they would have an indirect role in the battle.[2]
Prelude
editJelačić's plan was to launch a night attack to surprise the garrison from Kishegyes, occupy the village, then turn to the southeast, attack from the side of the garrisons from Szeghegy and Feketehegy.[4]
Jelačić's troops departed on 13 July at 11 p.m.[clarification needed] On the front, his troops rode the Castiglione cavalry brigade, followed by the whole artillery. Right to them marched the Puffer infantry brigade, while on their left was the Budissavljević infantry brigade, both from the Dietrich division. On the rear marched the Rastić infantry brigade, their left being secured by the Horváth cavalry brigade, and their right by a dragoon regiment.[4] After an hour of marching, Jelačić received the report about enemy movements near Kucura, which was 7 km from Kiskér, where his army's luggage was guarded, so he sent three battalions and a battery there, then he ordered his army to continue its march towards Kishegyes.[5]
According to the military historian József Bánlaky, Guyon, who was informed about the forthcoming attack, organized a champagne party, waiting for the Austrian troops to show up, and in order to make Jelačić more confident and careless, he didn't even send patrolling units that night, but he put his troops to wait in their positions with weapons in their hands, in the darkness the showing up of the enemy.[2] According to another military historian, Róbert Hermann, the patrols weren't sent out because Guyon wasn't expecting an attack.[5]
From the Hungarian troops who were in that region, only General Richard Guyon's IV's corps took part in the battle of Kishegyes. Guyon's corps consisted of 61 infantry companies, 14 cavalry companies, 1485 (+ ?) horses, and 46 cannons. It had approximately 8,360 soldiers.[1] The division of General György Kmety did not arrive on the battlefield before the end of the battle. Kmety had 37 infantry companies, 8 cavalry companies, 832 saddled and 244 traction horses, as well as 17 cannons, and a total of 6603 soldiers.[1]
Lieutenant General Jelačić marched to Kishegyes with 112 infantry companies, 30 cavalry companies, 4923 horses, and 73 cannons, and a total of 17,994 soldiers.[1]
Battle
editAround 3 a.m., one of the Hungarian outposts heard some suspicious noises, resembling cannon rustle, so he reported this to his commander, Antal Frummer, who ordered them to shoot with their cannons towards that noise.[5] The Austrian officers, instead of remaining quiet, started to scream orders to their subalterns, which, being heard clearly by Frummer, ordered his artillerists to continue shooting at that direction, sending his skirmishers to attack.[6] The sound of the shootings alerted the Hungarian troops, who started to light flares, then to shoot towards the enemy.[6]
Jelačić's troops were hit from side, and although, because of the distance of the Hungarians, their shootings did not cause many damages to his troops, the fact that they were discovered before they could accomplish their surprise attack was very demoralizing to them.[6] Despite this, the Ban of Croatia didn't give up the hope of a victory, so he drew his troops in battle formation almost parallel to the Hungarian lines, as follows: the Castiglione cuirassier brigade led by Lieutenant General Ferenc Ottinger represented the left wing, in the center stood the Dietrich division, with the Puffer brigade on its rights side slightly back, having the batteries positioned between the columns formed by the battalions, and on the right wing was constituted by the Horváth cavalry brigade and the imperial dragoons under his command. The second line was made by the infantry reserve led by Major General Daniel Rastić, and behind them the reminder of the artillery reserve was deployed.[2]
After deploying his troops, Jelačić ordered the Dietrich division to attack Kishegyes. He positioned the cavalry on the two sides, the Rastić brigade constituting the second line, while the Puffer brigade had to attack Szeghegy.[6] As a response, the Hungarians withdrew their advanced skirmishers and unleashed a devastating cannonade on the attackers, which stopped the Austrian attack, forcing some units of the Budissavljević brigade to start a withdrawal, being saved only by the fact that the Hungarian right wing did not attack them. So the brigade finally stopped and started a fire exchange with the Hungarians.[2] Guyon sent two Hungarian infantry battalions to attack the right wing of the Ban, putting Puffer's brigade in danger.[6] The Budissavljević brigade of the Dietrich division tried a new attack in order to help the Puffer brigade. However, when, with the support of the whole Hungarian artillery, another battalion joined the two Hungarian battalions, the attackers were forced again to retreat.[6] When the Hungarian cavalry from the right wing attacked the retreating imperials, they were stopped only by the salvos of the Licca battalion and the 4. battalion of the Ban's regiment.[2]
General Richard Guyon sent a portion of his infantry towards Szeghegy in order to attack Jelačić's troops from the side, giving the leadership of the right wing to colonel Ágoston Tóth, who took the lead of the left wing.[6] In addition to the problems suffered on the battlefield, Jelačić was informed by his rearguards that four companies of Hungarian hussars, sallying from Feketehegy, approached towards the ammunition reserves of the Austrians, causing them to flee to Verbász. The Austrians were able to force the hussars to retreat to Feketehegy, only by sending four dragoon companies and a battery against them.[6]
Although it became more and more obvious to Jelačić that at any moment Guyon's troops could cut off his retreat to the southern side of the Krivaja creek, he tried a last attack against the Hungarian positions, but the Dietrich division's attack crumbled in the heavy fire of the Hungarian artillery.[6] Jelačić, with the battalions he gathered, tried to withstand the Hungarian attack,[2] but the situation was deteriorating by the minute: the Hungarian cavalry units from Kishegyes attacked the infantry of the Budissavljević brigade, the Puffer brigades' flank was attacked from Szeghegy, and Hungarian units from Feketehegy tried to encircle Jelačić's army and cut off the Austrians' retreat route.[6] Understanding the danger, the Ban of Croatia sent General Horváth with two battalions of infantry, six cavalry companies, and three 12-pounder cannons towards Feketehegy,[2] stopping the Hungarian attack; then he ordered his troops to start the retreat.[6]
On the same day Colonel Bánffy, when he heard, from the other shore of the Tisza river, the cannonade from the direction of Kishegyes, with the Hungarian garrison from Écska and Aradác, attacked the enemy positions from Perlasz, threatening Titel, thus tying down the troops from there, preventing an eventual support of the Serbian troops from there to Jelačić's army. Although Bánffy did not succeed in occupying the enemy positions, his action indirectly helped the Hungarian troops from Kishegyes.[2]
If the Austrian army had not started its retreat, they would have been in danger of total annihilation, due to the fact that Kmety's division of 6600 soldiers was marching towards Verbász, and if he had chased away the Austrian garrison from Kula, they would have remained without an escape route. However, the order given to Kmety reached Kula only on July 15, and although his troops marched more than it was planned for that day (almost 25 km),[6] they arrived only to Kerény, and their vanguard to Szivác.[2] The military historian József Bánlaky thinks that Kmety, who heard the cannonade of the battle, could have still cut the retreat route of the Austrians if he had not insisted on the military plans made many days before.[2] So Jelačić's troops reached Verbász relatively safely. Before continuing his retreat towards Titel. He left here five battalions and 24 cannons, which withheld the Hungarian artillery attacks for two hours, suffering heavy losses. Then they too retreated from here towards the south, reaching the Danube, then crossing it to its right bank and joining the siege corps south to the Hungarian fortress of Pétervárad.[6] On July 18 July, except for the trenches of Titel, no imperial troops remained in Bácska.[6]
Aftermath
editIn the battle, Jelačić's corps lost 985 (164 dead, 473 wounded, 348 missing or captured) soldiers and 191 (126 dead, 47 wounded, 18 missing or captured) horses.[1] The Hungarian losses were 81 dead and 145 wounded, for a total 226 soldiers.[1]
After the battle of Kishegyes, the military initiative was again on the Hungarian side. Jelačić retreated to Szerémség, where he remained until the Hungarian main troops surrender on the fields of Szöllős.[7] After the victory, Lieutenant General Antal Vetter, the main commander of the Hungarian forces, gave the order to his troops to advance south and entered Pétervárad on July 17, where he installed his headquarters.[7] He planned from there to break the Austrian encirclement of the southern side of the fortress, then to occupy Karlóca and Szalánkemén, which would enable him to starve out the defenders of the Titel plateau, but the War Ministry ordered him to attack Titel directly.[7] On July 23, Guyon tried an attack against the plateau from many directions, but he was repelled.[7] On the same day, Vetter received the order to march with the IV Corps to Szeged to reinforce the Hungarian troops there, threatened by the approach of the main Austrian army led by Haynau, leaving behind only the division of Kmety.[7] The IV Corps started its marching on July 25. On July 31, the government gave Kmety the order to move with his troops on the left bank of the Tisza river, which he did on August 3, ending the military operations from the Bácska region.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Hermann 2004, pp. 319.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Bánlaky József: A magyar nemzet hadtörténete XXI Arcanum Adatbázis Kft. 2001
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hermann 2004, pp. 314.
- ^ a b c d e f g Hermann 2004, pp. 315.
- ^ a b c Hermann 2004, pp. 315–316.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hermann 2004, pp. 316.
- ^ a b c d e f Hermann 2004, pp. 317.
Sources
edit- Bánlaky, József (2001). A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme ("The Military History of the Hungarian Nation) (in Hungarian). Budapest: Arcanum Adatbázis.
- Bóna, Gábor (1987). Tábornokok és törzstisztek a szabadságharcban 1848–49 ("Generals and Staff Officers in the War of Freedom 1848–1849") (in Hungarian). Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó. p. 430. ISBN 963-326-343-3.
- Hermann, Róbert (2001), 1848-1849 a szabadságharc hadtörténete ("Military History of 1848-1849") (in Hungarian), Budapest: Korona, ISBN 963-9376-21-3
- Hermann, Róbert (2004). Az 1848–1849-es szabadságharc nagy csatái ("Great battles of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848-1849") (in Hungarian). Budapest: Zrínyi. p. 408. ISBN 963-327-367-6.