The Battles of Oltu were two armed conflicts; the first (18–25 June 1920) took place between Armenia and Turkish militias in the Oltu region, which at this time was part of Armenia.[3] The second battle was fought on 3–5 September 1920, marking the beginning of the Turkish-Armenian War, and consisted of Turkish forces driving the Armenians out of Oltu.
| Battles of Oltu | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Turkish-Armenian War | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Republic of Armenia |
 Ottoman Empire (until Second Battle) Grand National Assembly of Turkey | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Harutyun Hovsepian Hovhannes Mazmanian Colonel Shahbudaghian Nesterovskii |
Ali Riza Bey Kâzım Karabekir Halit Karsıalan | ||||||||
Background
editAfter the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, according to the Treaty of San Stefano[4] and the Treaty of Berlin,[5] the surroundings of Oltu were annexed by the Russian Empire in 1878, forming the Olti okrug of the Kars oblast. At the beginning of World War I, the Ottoman Empire briefly occupied these lands, but at the by the beginning of 1915, Russia regained control of them.[6]
After World War I ended with Ottoman Empire defeat and the Russian Empire had come apart in the Russian Civil War, separate governments formed in Georgia and Armenia. The Treaty of Sèvres which established the new boundaries for the Ottoman Empire had not yet been signed. The district of Oltu, known then as Ardahan-Olty,[7] was disputed by Georgia, Armenia and Turkey. Georgia assumed de jure authority over it when they claimed independence on May 26, 1918. The Republic of Armenia also assumed de jure authority over this region on May 28, 1918.[citation needed]
First battle of Oltu
editThe conflict arose when the Democratic Republic of Georgia failed to maintain control over the district of Oltu, and local Muslim warlords[8][better source needed] assumed control in their stead. The local Turkish tribes had skirmished with Armenian border troops, and as a result the local Armenian commander initiated a punitive expedition into the Oltu district. On 16 June 1920 Armenian forces invaded the eastern half of the Oltu district, annexing it to Armenia. Meanwhile, the Treaty of Sèvres was signed. Under the terms of the treaty, portions of northeastern Ottoman Empire were allotted to the Republic of Armenia and subsequently came to be known as Wilsonian Armenia, after the US President Woodrow Wilson.[9]
Second battle of Oltu
editIn August, the Armenian government attempted to occupy the remainder of the Oltu district as well as the city of Oltu. [citation needed] In response, General Kâzım Karabekir led four Turkish battalions into the district on 3 September and drove the Armenians out. Karabekir then invaded the Republic of Armenia on 20 September[8] prompting the Armenian government to declare war on Turkey four days later,[10] thus beginning the Turkish–Armenian War.
References
edit- ^ THE DECEIVED COMMUNITY Rebel Armenians. N.p., Gürbüz Mızrak, 2024.
- ^ Allen, William Edward David, and Muratoff, Paul. Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border 1828-1921. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
- ^ Hewsen, Robert H. and Salvatico, Christopher C. (2001) Armenia: A Historical Atlas University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 237. ISBN 0-226-33228-4
- ^ "Preliminary Treaty of Peace between Russia and Turkey: Signed at San Stefano, February 19/ March 3, 1878 (Translation)". The American Journal of International Law. II (4, Supplement, Official Documents): 387–401. October 1908. doi:10.2307/2212669. JSTOR 2212669. S2CID 246010753.
- ^ "Treaty between Great Britain, Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Russia, and Turkey for the Settlement of Affairs in the East: Signed at Berlin, July 13, 1878 (Translation)". The American Journal of International Law. II (4, Supplement, Official Documents): 401–424. October 1908. doi:10.2307/2212670. JSTOR 2212670. S2CID 246011615.
- ^ Zayonchkovsky, A. M. (2002). Первая мировая война [The First World War] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: OOO Издательство «Полигон» [Polygon Publishing House].
- ^ The New York Times Current History: The European war. Vol. 19. New York City: The New York Times. 1919. p. 40.
- ^ a b Anderson, Andrew. "TURKISH-ARMENIAN WAR: SEP.24 – DEC.2, 1920". www.conflicts.rem33.com. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
- ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1996). The Republic of Armenia: Between Crescent and Sickle: Partition and Sovietization. Vol. 4. Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 40–44. ISBN 0-520-08804-2.
- ^ Turkish-Armenian War of 1920 Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine in Russian