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Battle of Paju

The Battle of Paju (Estonian: Paju lahing) was fought in Paju, near Valga, Estonia, on 31 January 1919 during the Estonian War of Independence. After heavy fighting, the Tartu-Valga group of the Estonian Army pushed the Red Latvian Riflemen out of the Paju Manor.[1] It was the fiercest battle in the early period of war. Estonian commander Julius Kuperjanov fell in the fighting.

Battle of Paju
Part of Estonian War of Independence

Battle of Paju. Painting by Maximilian Maksolly
Date31 January 1919
Location
Paju Manor, near Valga
57°49′13″N 26°06′42″E / 57.820144°N 26.111628°E / 57.820144; 26.111628 Map
Result Estonian victory
Belligerents

 Estonia

 Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
Soviet Russia
Commanders and leaders
EstoniaFinland Hans Kalm
Estonia Julius Kuperjanov †
Estonia Johannes Soodla		 Emīls Vītols
Units involved
Estonia Tartumaa Partisan Battalion
Finland Pohjan Pojat		 Red Latvian Riflemen
Strength
Estonia:
300 soldiers
13 machine guns
2 field guns
Finnish volunteers:
380 soldiers
9 machine guns
4 field guns
Total:
683 soldiers
22 machine guns
6 field guns		 1,200 soldiers
32 machine guns
4 field guns
1 armoured train
Casualties and losses
156 300 dead

Background

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In early January 1919 Estonian forces had started a full-scale counterattack against invading Soviets. Their main objective was liberating north Estonia including Narva, which was achieved by 17 January. They then started to advance into south Estonia. On 14 January the Tartumaa Partisan Battalion, organised and led by Lt. Julius Kuperjanov, and armoured trains liberated Tartu.

At that time the only working railway connection to Riga, which the Red Army had captured on 3 January, passed through Valga, so defending it had strategic importance for Soviet Russia.[2] Among other units, a large part of the elite Latvian Riflemen were sent to stop the Estonians.[2] Commander-in-chief Johan Laidoner reinforced the Estonian advance in the south, including Finnish volunteers, The Sons of the North, led by Col. Hans Kalm. Finnish Gen. Paul Martin Wetzer became commander of the southern front.[3]

Battle

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To liberate Valga it was necessary to capture Paju Manor. On 30 January Estonian partisans had captured it, but were soon pushed out. With his 300 men, two guns and 13 machine guns Kuperjanov decided to recapture Paju on 31 January.[4] Armoured trains were unable to support, due to the destruction of Sangaste railway bridge. The Latvian Riflemen had about 1,200 men with four guns and 32 machine guns.[5] They were also able to rely on support from a Soviet armoured train and armoured cars.

The Tartumaa Partisan Battalion attacked the manor directly over open fields. At 400 metres the Bolsheviks opened fire, inflicting heavy casualties. Kuperjanov led the attack personally,[4] as usual, and was badly wounded, dying two days later. When he was hit, Lt. Johannes Soodla took command of the battalion. Finnish Sons of the North units with about 380 men arrived later, bringing with them four guns and nine machine guns. They also assaulted the manor in a frontal attack, which caused heavy losses.

In the evening the Estonians and Finns finally pushed into the park of the estate where heavy hand-to-hand combat started, which resulted in the capture of the manor. Retreating Latvian Riflemen were subjected to heavy fire. The next day the Estonians marched into Valga without resistance.[6]

Aftermath

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Battle of Paju memorial.
 
Funeral of Julius Kuperjanov, Tartu, 1919

The bloody Battle of Paju resulted in the liberation of Valga the next day. The victory cut off the Soviets' railway supply line and denied them the use of armoured trains. Soon almost all of southern Estonia was liberated and Estonian troops advanced into northern Latvia.

To honour Julius Kuperjanov, who died of the wounds he sustained during the battle, on 2 February, the Tartumaa Partisan Battalion was renamed Kuperjanov's Partisan Battalion.[6] The current Estonian Defence Force still includes the Kuperjanov Battalion.[7] The battle is commemorated by a granite monument on a three–step pyramid of earth, which was reopened by Estonian President Lennart Meri in 1994 on the 75th anniversary of the battle.

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Jaan Maide (1933) [www.ksk.edu.ee/file.php?ID=1206 Ülevaade Eesti vabadussõjast] Kaitseliit publishing, Tartu
  2. ^ a b Traksmaa, August: Lühike Vabadussõja ajalugu, page 102. Olion, 1992
  3. ^ Traksmaa, August: Lühike abadussõja ajalugu, page 105. Olion, 1992
  4. ^ a b Traksmaa, August: Lühike Vabadussõja ajalugu, page 106. Olion, 1992
  5. ^ Kaevats, Ülo: Eesti entsüklopeedia 7, page 146. Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus, 1994
  6. ^ a b Traksmaa, August: Lühike Vabadussõja ajalugu, page 109. Olion, 1992
  7. ^ Eesti Kaitsevägi:Kuperjanovi Üksik-jalaväepataljon Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine

References

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  • Traksmaa, August (1992). Lühike Vabadussõja ajalugu. Olion. ISBN 5-450-01325-6.
  • Kaevats, Ülo (1994). Eesti entsüklopeedia 7. Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. ISBN 5-89900-029-5.
  • Eesti Kaitsevägi:Kuperjanovi Üksik-jalaväepataljon
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