The Battle of Pelekanon, also known by its Latinised form Battle of Pelecanum, occurred on June 10–11, 1329 between an expeditionary force by the Byzantines led by Andronikos IIl and an Ottoman army led by Orhan I. The Byzantine army was defeated, with no further attempt made at relieving the cities in Anatolia under Ottoman siege.
| Battle of Pelekanon | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Siege of Nicaea during the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars | |||||||
 Map of Ottoman expansion under Orhan | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Byzantine Empire | Ottoman Beylik | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Andronikos III John Cantacuzene | Orhan I | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
~4,000[4] or fewer: ~2,000 soldiers from Constantinople, and something less than this number from Thrace.[5] | ~8,000[5] | ||||||
Background
editBy the accession of Andronikos in 1328, the Imperial territories in Anatolia had dramatically shrunk from almost all of the west of modern Turkey forty years earlier to a few scattered outposts along the Aegean Sea and a small core province around Nicomedia within about 150 km of the capital city Constantinople. Recently the Turks, under their energetic leader Osman I, had captured the important city of Prusa (Bursa) in Bithynia. Andronikos decided to relieve the important besieged cities of Nicomedia and Nicaea, and hoped to restore the frontier to a stable position.[4]
Clash and outcome
editTogether with the Grand Domestic John Cantacuzene, Andronikos led an army of about 4,000 men, which was the greatest he could muster. They marched along the Sea of Marmara towards Nicomedia. At Pelekanon, a Turkish army led by Orhan I had encamped on the hills to gain a strategic advantage and blocked the road to Nicomedia.[6] On 10 June, Orhan sent 300 cavalry archers downhill to lure the Byzantines unto the hills, but these were driven off by the Byzantines, who were unwilling to advance further.[4][7] The belligerent armies engaged in indecisive clashes until nightfall. The Byzantine army prepared to retreat, but the Turks gave them no chance.[6] Both Andronikos and Cantacuzene were lightly wounded, while rumors spread that the Emperor had either been killed or mortally wounded, resulting in panic.[6] Eventually the retreat turned into a rout with heavy casualties on the Byzantine side.[4][6] Cantacuzene led the remaining Byzantine soldiers back to Constantinople by sea.[4][6]
Consequences
editThe Battle of Pelekanon was the first engagement in which a Byzantine emperor encountered an Ottoman Bey.[6][8] The battle's effect on morale was more important than the battle itself as the heavily armed and disciplined Byzantines had fled before the lightly armed and irregular Turks.[8] A campaign of restoration was aborted.[4] Never again did a Byzantine army attempt to regain territory in Asia. The former imperial capitals of Nicomedia and Nicaea were not relieved and the maintenance of Imperial control across the Bosphorus was no longer tenable. The Ottomans conquered Nicaea in 1331 and Nicomedia in 1337,[6] thus building up a strong base from which they eventually swept away the Byzantine Empire as a whole. The inhabitants of Nicaea and Nicomedia were quickly incorporated into the growing Ottoman nation, and many of them had already embraced Islam by 1340.[9] With the capture of these cities and the annexation of the Beylik of Karasi in 1336, the Ottomans had completed their conquest of Bithynia and the north-western corner of Anatolia.[9]
Notes
edit- ^ Pitcher, Donald Edgar. An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire from Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century, Brill Archive, 1972, p. 38.
- ^ Shaw, Stanford J. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol 1, Cambridge University Press, 1976, p. 15.
- ^ Heath, Ian and Angus McBride, Byzantine Armies 1118–1461 AD. Osprey Publishing, 1995, 8.
- ^ a b c d e f Treadgold, p. 761.
- ^ a b Bartusis, The Late Byzantine Army, p. 91 "In June 1329 he [Andronicus III] and Kantakouzenos led a major expedition into Asia with 2,000 soldiers from Constantinople, and something less than this number from Thrace. At Pelekanos their army encountered the forces of Orhan, Osman's son and successor, encamped with about 8,000 men."
- ^ a b c d e f g Nicol, Donald M. (2002). The Reluctant Emperor: A Biography of John Cantacuzene, Byzantine Emperor and Monk, C. 1295–1383. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9780521522014.
- ^ Kyriakidis, Savvas (2011). Warfare in Late Byzantium, 1204–1453. Brill. p. 204. ISBN 9789004206663.
- ^ a b Finlay, George (1854). History of the Byzantine Empire. Blackwood, Harvard University. p. 530.
- ^ a b Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 9780521439916.
References
edit- Bartusis, Marc C. The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.
- Treadgold, W. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press, 1997.