The Battle of the Arius was an engagement that was fought in 208 BC between the Seleucid Empire and the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. The Seleucids were led by Antiochus III the Great, who launched an invasion of Bactria to recover his ancestor's past dominions. He would go on to be victorious in this battle, and would later go on to besiege the Bactrians at their capital of Bactra for three years.
| Battle of the Arius | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Antiochus's Bactrian Campaign | |||||||
 The Arius (Hari) river | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Seleucid Empire | Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Antiochus III the Great | Euthydemus I | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 2,000 Horsemen | 10,000 Cataphracts | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 750–1,250 horsemen | 2,000–2,500 Cataphracts | ||||||
Location
editThe location of the Arius was near the Arius River (now known Hari River). The river flows through the parts of modern-day Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. It flows through the Hindu Kush Mountains. It forms the border between Afghanistan and Iran at one of its points.[1]
Prelude
editAntiochus III the Great was a ruler of the Seleucid Empire whose ancestor and namesake, Antiochus II, originally ruled much of the area that would then make up the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom in 255 BC. He had been reconquering past dominions until he moved into Bactria in the year 209 BC. The year had seen Antiochus in Bactria, moving to restore his ancestor's realm in the far east and himself gain much more territory. He faced the rebel Euthydemus, a ruler of Bactria who had himself usurped the original usurpers descendants. Antiochus had gained successes in his conquest but then prepared to meet him in battle.
Battle
editThe battle of Arius was fought in 208 BC and took place near the Arius River at daybreak. The Seleucids had advanced into the Greco-Bactrian territory as part of an expedition to gain back the land they had lost after Antiochus II's death. Getting wind of this, Euthydemus was soon on hand leading 10,000 cataphracts, after marching for three days from Tapuria to meet the Seleucid army.
Antiochus had received word that the Bactrians would guard the river throughout the day, but when it became night, they retired to a city twenty stadia off.[2] He then used this to his advantage and crossed the majority of his army under the cover of night.[3]
Upon learning of this, Euthydemus and his cataphracts began riding to the Arius to meet the Seleucid army. Upon learning of the impending Greco-Bactrian charge, Antiochus rallied 2,000[4] of his best horsemen to meet the charge. In the engagement, Antiochus is described as having fought with the most gallantry in his entire army.[5] There were severe losses on both sides, when Antiochus's horsemen defeated the advance guard, two more squadrons of cavalry arrived and inflicted heavy losses on the Seleucids. One of Antiochus' officers, Panaetolus, upon noticing that the 2,000 cavalrymen were nearly all dead, ordered his peltasts to relieve Antiochus and inflicted losses on the Bactrians.[6]
Meanwhile, as Panaetolus countered the Bactrians, Antiochus regrouped what remained of his cavalry and took many prisoners, later withdrawing to the other side of the river.[7] As they were withdrawing, Antiochus had a horse killed under him, losing some of his teeth by a blow to the mouth.[8] After seeing his losses, Euthydemus retreated back to his capital, Bactra.
Aftermath
editAlthough Antiochus may have won this battle, he later besieged the Bactrians at Bactria for 3 years, later signing a peace with Euthydemus and obtaining war elephants in exchange for the hand of his daughter to Euthydemus's son, Demetrius.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Hari River or Harirud". www.cawater-info.net. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
- ^ Polybius. Histories.
For he was informed that the cavalry of the enemy kept guard by day on the bank of the river, but at night retired to a city more than twenty stades off.
- ^ Polybius. Histories.
under cover of night, the plains being excellent for riding, he got the greater part of his army across the river by daybreak
- ^ Polybius. Histories.
Seeing that he must stand the first charge of the enemy, the king summoned the two thousand horsemen who were accustomed to fight round his own person
- ^ Polybius. Histories.
In this engagement Antiochus is reputed to have shown the greatest gallantry of any of his men.
- ^ Polybius. Histories.
At that juncture, most of the cavalry being by this time on the ground, Panaetolus ordered a general advance; relieved the king and his squadrons; and, upon the Bactrians charging in loose order, forced them to turn and fly in confusion.
- ^ Polybius. Histories.
he king's cavalry on the contrary retired, after killing large numbers and taking a great many prisoners, and bivouacked by the side of the river.
- ^ Polybius. Histories.
In this action the king had a horse killed under him, and lost some of his teeth by a blow on the mouth.
References
edit- Polybius: The Histories 10.49.
- "Bactria." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (April 2016): 1. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed November 8, 2016).
- "Balkh." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (April 2016): 1. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed November 8, 2016).
- "Antiochus (III) the Great." Hutchinson's Biography Database (July 2011): 1. History Reference Center, EBSCOhost (accessed November 8, 2016).
- Holt, Frank Lee. 1999. Thundering Zeus : The Making of Hellenistic Bactria. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed December 14, 2016).