The Battle of the Four Rivers (Russian: Сражение на четырех реках) or Battles on the Bzura, Rawka, Pilica and Nida was one of the key battles in 1914, as a result of which the Germans tried to break through and take Warsaw, but they could not do it.[1] The battle was the first positional battle on the eastern front,[2] and is also one of the bloodiest battles in 1914.[3]
| Battle of the Four Rivers | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of The Eastern front of the World War I | |||||||||
 Siberian riflemen in Warsaw in December 1914 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 German Empire Austria-Hungary |
 Russian Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Paul von Hindenburg Viktor Dankl von Krasnik Remus von Woyrsch Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli |
Nikolai Ruzsky Alexander Litvinov Vladimir Smirnov Aleksei Evert Paul von Plehwe Platon Lechitsky | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
|
9th army 1st army 2nd army Landwehr Corps |
1st army 2nd army 4th army 5th army 9th army | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 600,000 men | 500,000 men | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 120,000 total | 150,000 to 200,000 total | ||||||||
Background
editGermans tried to encircle three Russian armies in Poland in November 1914, but they did not succeed, as a result of huge losses, the size of the territories occurred and the Russians retreated to Warsaw. By this time, enough reinforcements had arrived from the western front and the central powers were preparing to make a breakthrough in order to capture this city.[4]
Forces
editAccording to the regimental reports of both countries, the 5th armies with a total of 500,000 men took part on the Russian side, the total forces on the German side were 600,000,[4] and only one 9th army had 305,576 men, it formed the backbone of the entire operation. Each of the Russian armies had about 100,000 in view of the heavy losses in the previous battle.[5]
Battle
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German offensive
editIn the beginning the Germans successfully pushed back the Russians in small groups.
On December 18, the Germans unexpectedly struck from the side of Lovich.[6] However, when it came to crossing the Ravka, problems arose, two German regiments were able to successfully do this, however, at the time of the crossing they suffered incredibly heavy losses and were scattered and thrown back across the river by the counterattack of the 1st Siberian corps.[7] On the bzura front, the Germans achieved minimal success and instead of completely securing the river, they were able to equip several positions, at which point the Russian retreat ended, the general stage of the battle began.[8]
Main stage of Battle
editOn December 19, a meeting of the central powers took place in Oppeln, a debate broke out between Konrad and Falkenhayn about actions, as a result, they came to the conclusion that by maintaining such a heat of battle on both fronts, they risk losing the chance to win the war, so they need to immediately occupy Russian Poland[9]
On December 20, the offensive continued using supernova heavy artillery, the Germans ensured local success, the Russian positions on Ravka were demoralized, but not broken through, the Germans captured 2,100 people in a day.[10]
There was progress, but it was incredibly slowed down by the "infernal" persistence of the Russians.[11]
On December 21, the German attacks did not stop, there were two significant events: the attack on the Shidlovskaya will, which ended with the retreat of the Germans, and the battle of Inovlodzi, in which a Russian brigade was surrounded; 3,000 soldiers were captured.[12]
Germans were incredibly exhausted by December 24, as a result of these battles, 29,458 Russians were captured, but the price of these trophies was very high;[13] on the same day, the Austrians tried to force Nida, the Russians specifically allowed them to do this, and then attacked the cut-off troops with huge forces, 10,000 Austro-Hungarian soldiers were captured.[14]
A similar case occurred at Sokhachev, where 15,000 crossed the river, but were covered with heavy fire and by nightfall the remnants in the form of 8,000 surrendered.[15]
On December 25, the fighting almost stopped, but the artillery duels continued.[16]
Result
editThe battle ended with Russia's victory[17] All attempts by the Germans to push the Russians back over the Vistula and even approach Warsaw ended in failure, this battle also affected the outcome of the Battle of Ypres, by the end of the battle the number of the German army was 200,000.[5]
Russian casualties were 150,000-200,000, and for the central powers 120,000. The main reason for this was the heavy artillery of Germany, which caused very great damage to the Russians.[18]
Reference
edit- ^ Danilov 1929, pp. 263–264.
- ^ Nelipovich 2021, p. 112.
- ^ Oleynikov 2016, p. 81.
- ^ a b Borisyuk 2024, p. 44.
- ^ a b Nelipovich 2021, p. 147.
- ^ Nelipovich 2021, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Оборона четырех рек. Часть 2
- ^ Nelipovich 2021, p. 118.
- ^ Nelipovich 2021, p. 119.
- ^ Nelipovich 2021, p. 121.
- ^ Оборона четырех рек. Часть 2
- ^ Nelipovich 2021, p. 129.
- ^ Nelipovich 2021, p. 134.
- ^ Оборона четырёх рек. Часть 4
- ^ Borisyuk 2024, p. 77.
- ^ Оборона четырёх рек. Часть 4
- ^ Borisyuk 2024, p. 45.
- ^ Итог сражения на четырех реках. Часть 1
Bibliography
edit- Borisyuk, Andrey (2024). Забытая война. Россия в 1914-1918 [The forgotten war. Russia in 1914-1918] (in Russian). Moscow: Вече. ISBN 978-5-4484-5078-5.
- Nelipovich, Sergei (2021). Лодзинская кампания 1914 года [Lodz campaign 1914]. Moscow: Квадрига. ISBN 978-5-91791-387-2.
- Oleynikov, Alexei (2016). Россия-щит Антанты [Russia-Shield of Entente]. Foreword by Nikolai Starikov. St.Petersburg: Piter. ISBN 978-5-496-01795-4.
- Danilov, Yuri (1929). Россия в мировой войне [Russia in world War] (in Russian). Berlin.
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