"Beecher's Bibles" was the name given to the breech-loading Sharps rifle that were supplied to and used by the anti-slavery settlers and combatants in Kansas, during the Bleeding Kansas period (1854–1860).[1] The breech loading model 1853 Sharps Carbines were shipped in crates marked "Books and Bibles". After an 1856 article in the New-York Tribune carried a quote by Henry Ward Beecher, the Sharps Carbines became known as Beecher's Bibles.[2]
Background
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For decades there had been a conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery activists in America. Before Missouri asked to be admitted to the United States there were 11 free and 11 slave states. Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state. The 1820 Missouri Compromise stated that all states south of Missouri could be admitted as slave states. In 1854 Congress initiated the Kansas–Nebraska Act which said voters could decide. Settlers from both sides came to Kansas. Violence was common between the two sides in Kansas. It was during this conflict that Minister Henry Ward Beecher raised funds to buy rifles for the free-staters: Beecher's Bibles were sent to the territory.[3] Henry W. Beecher believed that such weapons were "a greater moral urgency among border ruffians than the scriptures".[4]
History
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The name "Beecher's Bibles" in reference to Sharps rifles and carbines was inspired by the comments and activities of the abolitionist New England minister Henry Ward Beecher,[5] of the New England Emigrant Aid Society, of whom it was written in a February 8, 1856, article in the New-York Tribune:[6] Beecher was an outspoken abolitionist and he raised funds to buy weapons for Kansas free state settlers. Some newspapers began calling Beecher's church the "Bible and Rifle Company". From there the guns that were purchased and sent came to be known as Beecher’s Bibles.[7]
The term originated from the method of shipment: New England abolitionists sent Sharps Carbines to Kansas in an attempt to assist anti-slavery settlers there. The carbines were shipped in crates which were covered by bibles.[4] The crates were marked with the words "Books and Bibles".[2][8] The Sharps Carbines were modern in design, incorporating a breech loading mechanism.[4] The rifles were the Sharps Model 1853.[8] The Federal and state authorities had forbidden sending arms to the territory but that did not stop abolitionists from donating funds for firearm purchases. Doctor Samuel Cabot donated $12,500 USD for the purchase of Sharps Carbines. Also according to Amos A. Lawrence, the treasurer for the New England Emigrant Aid Society, the society purchased 100 rifles for the cause. There were approximately 900 Beecher's Bibles which were used in the Kansas conflict.[2]
References
edit- ^ Isley, W. H. (April 1907). "The Sharps Rifle Episode in Kansas History" (PDF). The American Historical Review. 12 (3): 546–566. doi:10.2307/1832405. hdl:10057/12535. JSTOR 1832405.
- ^ a b c Sellers, Frank (1988). Sharps Firearms (3rd ed.). Hollywood California: Benfield Publishing Inc. pp. 92–93.
- ^ Strand, Michael (2 April 2004). "Bleeding Kansas Played Important Role". Salina Journal. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
- ^ a b c Carter, Gregg Lee (2002). Guns in American society : an encyclopedia of history, politics, culture, and the law. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 58. ISBN 978-1576072684. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
- ^ "Beecher Bibles". www.kshs.org. Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
- ^ "Ward Beecher on The Observer". New-York Tribune. February 8, 1856. p. 6. Retrieved June 4, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Grant, Steve (6 August 2022). "The little-known history of the Connecticut Kansas Colony and its role in ending slavery". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
- ^ a b Rosa, Joseph G. (1995). Age of the gunfighter : men and weapons on the frontier, 1840-1900. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0806127613. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
Bibliography
edit- Marcot, Roy; Marron, Edward; Paxton, Ron (2019). Sharps Firearms: The Percussion Era 1848–1865. Northwood Heritage Press.