A bell stone (also bellstone) is a rock that produces a bell-like sound when struck. A type of lithophone, bell stones are significant in ethnography and are typically identified through local written history and folklore in combination with physical archeological details such as cup-shaped depressions.[1]
Instances
editIn the Andes
editBell stones are present in the Andes, and feature in one local creation myth involving God and Supay.[2]
In Mexico
editPeople in and around San Lucas Xolos in Tizayuca, Hidalgo, Mexico tell stories of "stones that sound like bells" which ring when struck with other stones. Some such stones exist at the site of the first Xolotl Chichimeca capital, located near the town. The stones are located in an outcropping of andesite at the top of the hill, which is represented in the Codex Xolotl.[3]
In Norway
editRocks that ring when struck are mentioned in historical documents from Norway; about 10 have been identified. One such stone near Lom is mentioned in 18th-century documents as the most treasured item in the parish, and is still locally known as the "Bell Stone" or "Singing Stone".
In South Africa
editAn ironstone rock near the grave of Ntsikana in the Eastern Cape of South Africa is known as Intsimbi kaNtsikana, literally "Ntsikana's bell". Local legend states that Ntsikana struck the rock to produce bell tones at dawn and dusk every day between 1815 and his 1822 death, and that it produced the notes with which he composed his hymns. In the 1980s, the rock was found to be capable of producing three notes in the first inversion of a triad.[4]
In the United States
editHawaii
editVarious phonolite stones were created by volcanic activity on Oahu. These stones are known in the Hawaiian language as pohaku kani or pohaku kikeke.[5]
The Wailua Bellstone, located near the Poliahu Heiau at the Wailua Complex of Heiaus and made of reddish basalt, produces a hollow bell-like sound when struck with a cobble. It was used to announce important events including the births of aliʻi and the approach of religious or royal processions.[6]
Pennsylvania
editA hill known as the Klingelberg or "Ringing Hill" near Pottsgrove, Pennsylvania was reported in 1945 to be covered with rock fragments which produced bell-like tones when struck with another stone. The report compared them to "the bell stone mentioned by Linnaeus in the Westgothische Reise".[7]
Puerto Rico
editA stone known as the Piedra de la Campana ("Bell Stone") in the Río Grande de Loíza near Gurabo, Puerto Rico stands on top of two other stones and is said to have been used as a bell by the indigenous people.[8]
In Uruguay
editSeams of diabase in southwestern Uruguay have produced some stones that vibrate with a bell-like tone when struck. Two large boulders of this material are located three meters apart in a forested area near the Arroyo de la Virgen; the smaller one produces two distinct tones separated by a minor third. Little is known about the possible use of the stones by the indigenous people of Uruguay.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Kolltveit, Gjermund (2010). "The Problem of Ethnocentricity in Music Archaeology". Studies in Music Archaeology. VII: 103–108.
- ^ Kruth, Patricia; Stobart, Henry (2000). Sound. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0-521-57209-6. OCLC 41361389.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Beristain, Sergio; Rivas Castro, Francisco; Velazquez Cabrera, Roberto (October 2010). "Bell stone at Xolotl hill". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 128 (4): 2389. Bibcode:2010ASAJ..128.2389B. doi:10.1121/1.3508555. ISSN 0001-4966.
- ^ Davies, James Q. (2015-11-01). "On Being Moved/Against Objectivity". Representations. 132 (1): 79–87. doi:10.1525/rep.2015.132.1.79. ISSN 0734-6018 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Warren, Grace Tower (1961-03-19). "Bells of Phonolite Rock Served As Old Hawaiian's Semaphore". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 105. Retrieved 2022-04-20 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Wailua Complex of Heiaus". National Park Service. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
- ^ Myers, Richmond E. (1945). "Observations on Pennsylvania Geology and Minerals". Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science. 19. Pennsylvania Academy of Science: 113–123. ISSN 0096-9222. JSTOR 44109299 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Fewkes, J. Walter (1903). "Prehistoric Porto Rican Pictographs". American Anthropologist. 5 (3): 441–467. doi:10.1525/aa.1903.5.3.02a00020. ISSN 0002-7294. JSTOR 659123 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Berta, Mariana (December 2008). "Informe sobre las "piedras campana" del Arroyo de la Virgen en Uruguay" [Report on the "bell stones" of the Arroyo de la Virgen in Uruguay]. Revista musical chilena (in Spanish). 62 (210). doi:10.4067/S0716-27902008000200004. ISSN 0716-2790 – via SciELO.