Belonocnema is a genus of oak gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, found in the United States from Texas, east to Florida. All species induce galls on section Virentes oaks and have both sexual and asexual generations. The asexual generation galls form as small balls on the underside of leaves, and the sexual galls form on roots.[1][2] A number of inquiline, parasitoid, and hyperparasitoid wasp species have been reared from Belonocnema galls.[2]
| Belonocnema | |
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| Belonocnema kinseyi | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Cynipidae |
| Tribe: | Cynipini |
| Genus: | Belonocnema Mayr, 1881 |
| Synonyms | |
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Taxonomy
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The genus was first named and described by Gustav Mayr in 1881 with Belonocnema treatae as the type species.[1][3] The taxonomy of the species in the genus has been subject to different interpretations but now appears resolved through study of the morphology, ecology, and genetics of the genus.[1] The genus Dryorhizoxenus, described by William Ashmead, is considered a synonym of Belonocnema, with its type species, D. floridanus, included in B. treatae.[1][4]
Species
editBelonocnema contains the following three species:[1]
- Belonocnema fossoria (Weld, 1921)
- Belonocnema kinseyi (Weld, 1921)
- Belonocnema treatae (Mayr, 1881)
The current phylogeny of the genus is as follows:[1]
| Belonocnema |
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References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Y. Miles Zhang; Scott P. Egan; Amanda L. Driscoe; James R. Ott (2021). "One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae:Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 193 (4): 1234–1255. doi:10.1093/ZOOLINNEAN/ZLAB001. ISSN 1096-3642. Wikidata Q110418044.
- ^ a b Forbes, Andrew A.; Hall, M. Carmen; Lund, JoAnne; Hood, Glen R.; Izen, Rebecca; Egan, Scott P.; Ott, James R. (2016-01-01). "Parasitoids, Hyperparasitoids, and Inquilines Associated With the Sexual and Asexual Generations of the Gall Former, Belonocnema treatae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 109 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1093/aesa/sav112. ISSN 0013-8746.
- ^ Mayr, G. (1881) Die Genera der gallenbewohnenden Cynipiden. Jahresberichte der Communal-Oberrealschule im I. Bezirke, Wien 20: 1-38.
- ^ Ashmead, William H. (1881). "On the Cynipidous Galls of Florida". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 9 (3–4): ix–xxviii.
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