Betul Haile Maryam[note 1] (1812 – 29 June 1853, Ayshal) was a member of the Semien nobility through his paternal line in the Ethiopian Empire.
Biography
editBackground
editBetul Haile Maryam was a son of Haile Maryam Gebre, the provincial governor of Semien by Hirut Gugsa.[1]
His father, Haile Maryam, belonged to the Orthodox Christian Amharas. His mother, Hirut, was of mixed ancestry. She was the daughter of the Solomonic princess Amete Selassie, and the Solomonic Amhara Emperor Tekle Giyorgis I. Hirut's father was Gugsa of Yejju, who had Oromo genealogy.[2][3]
His full siblings were Merso Haile Maryam and Yewub-dar Haile Maryam, both of whom were older. His half brother Wube Haile Maryam was one of the most famous protagonist of the Zemene Mesafint era.[1][3]
Exile
editAfter the death of his father, Haile Maryam Gebre in 1826. Semien military officers chose Wube Haile Maryam to lead Semien instead of his brother Merso. Betul with his mother and Merso fled to Tigray province. Betul's sister Yewub-dar was married to Sabagadis Woldu, the Irob warlord that controlled much of Tigray.[1][3]
Wube's conquest of Tigray
editIn 1831, however, when Wube went on to conquer Tigray in the aftermath of the Battle of Debre Abbay. Humiliated, Betul and Merso entered into the service of Wube's army and joined his campaigns against the sons of Sabagadis, their former patron. Both of them despised their subordination and dependency to their half brother Wube.[1][4]
Shifting alliances
editIn 1840, Betul and Merso allied with their mother's nephew, the regent Ali II of Yejju, and this was soon followed by a battle with Wube at Debre Tabor in 1842. Wube, first victorious, was then captured during festivities by his half brothers and ras Ali's authority was restored. However, a quick reversal of alliances brought about the arrest of Betul and Merso on their way to Semien. After their brief imprisonment, they were given small districts to govern in Gojjam under Ras Ali's control.[1]
Death
editOn 29 June 1853 a decisive battle took place on the plains of Ayshal, between the forces of Ras Ali against that of Kassa Hailu. The battle was one the bloodiest of the Zemene Mesafint era. The charges of the Oromo cavalry were only smashed because of Kassa's personal bravery and because of the devotion of his Amhara followers. When it became apparent that Kassa was about to be victorious, Ras Ali was among the first to flee from the battlefield. Serving in Ali's army, Betul was killed during this battle.[5][6]
Notable descendants
editBetul Haile Maryam wife, also called Yewubdar, was from Gondar. They had four children (Wale, Alula, Taytu and Desta).[1][3]
- Welle Betul was his eldest son.
- Alula Betul was his second eldest son.
- Taytu Betul was his eldest daughter. She was the former Empress of Ethiopia and was the spouse of Emperor Menelik II.
- Desta Betul was his third son.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro; Yimam, Baye; Crummey, Donald; Goldenberg, Gideon, eds. (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 561. ISBN 9783447047463. OCLC 722894586. Archived from the original on 2022-10-15.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis (2012). Dictionary of African biography vol 1-6. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 180-181. ISBN 9780195382075. Archived from the original on 2023-03-12. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
- ^ a b c d Rosenfeld, Chris Prouty (1986). "The background of Taytu Betul Hayle Maryam". Empress Taytu and Menilek II Ethiopia 1883-1910. Ravens Educational & Development Services. pp. 27–31. ISBN 9780932415103.
- ^ Mordechai, Abir (1968). Ethiopia: the Era of the Princes: The Challenge of Islam and Re-unification of the Christian Empire, 1769-1855. London: Longmans, Green. pp. 32–37. ISBN 9780582645172. OCLC 729977710.
- ^ Mordechai, Abir (1968). Ethiopia: the Era of the Princes: The Challenge of Islam and Re-unification of the Christian Empire, 1769-1855. London: Longmans, Green. pp. 139–140. ISBN 9780582645172. OCLC 729977710.
- ^ Rubenson, Sven (1966). King of Kings, Tewodros of Ethiopia. Haile Sellassie I University. pp. 42–43.