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Bhumi (goddess)

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Bhumi (Sanskrit: भुमि, romanized: Bhūmi), also known as Bhudevi, Dharani, and Vasundhara, is a significant goddess in Hinduism, personifying the Earth. Her earliest form is reflected in the Vedic goddess Prithvi, though their roles and depictions are drastically different.[3]

Bhumi
Goddess of the Earth[1]
Idol (murti) of Bhumi at a temple in Tamil Nadu
Other namesBhudevi, Varahi, Vasundhara, Prithvi, Bharat Mata
AffiliationDevi, Prithvi, Lakshmi
AbodeBhuloka, Dyuloka, Vaikuntha
Genealogy
ConsortVaraha (Vishnu)
ChildrenNarakasura, Mangala, Sita
Equivalents
GreekGaia
Indo-EuropeanDʰéǵʰōm
RomanTerra
ChineseHoutu[2]

Bhumi features prominently in the Mahabharata and various Puranas. In Hindu mythology, Bhumi's narrative is closely linked with the god Vishnu’s third avatar, Varaha, who rescues her from the demon Hiranyaksha. After this rescue, Varaha marries Bhumi, and they have a son named Mangala. Bhumi also bears Narakasura, an asura, due to Hiranyaksha's influence. In the epic Ramayana, she is mentioned as the mother of Sita, the epic's female protagonist.[4]

Bhumi is described to be born as Satyabhama, the consort of Krishna, to assist in slaying Narakasura. The Alvar saint Andal is also considered an avatar of Bhudevi. In certain Vaishnava traditions, Bhumi is regarded as Vishnu's secondary consort alongside Lakshmi, with some sects, such as Sri Vaishnavism, even viewing her as an aspect of Lakshmi.[5]

Iconographically, Bhumi is depicted holding a blue lotus and is often shown alongside Vishnu and Lakshmi or with Varaha. She is especially revered in South India.[6]

Etymology

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The name "Bhūmi" is the Sanskrit word for "earth". The version "Puhumi" is the equivalent in Old Awadhi.[citation needed] She is known by various names such as Bhuvati, Bhuvani, Bhuvaneshwari, Avni, Prithvi, Dharti, Dhaatri, Dharani, Vasudha, Vasundhara, Vaishnavi, Kashyapi, Urvi, Ira, Mahi, Ela, Vasumati, Dhanshika, Vasumati, Hema, and Hiranmaya.

Iconography

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Bhudevi is depicted as seated on a platform that rests on the back of four elephants, representing the four cardinal directions. She is usually portrayed with four arms, holding a pomegranate, a water vessel, a bowl containing healing herbs, and another bowl containing vegetables, respectively.[7] She is also sometimes depicted with two hands, the right hand holding a blue lotus known as Kumuda or Utpala, the night lotus, while the left hand may indicate the pose of Abhayamudra, the fearlessness or the Lolahasta Mudra, which is an aesthetic pose meant to mimic the tail of a horse.[8][9]

Mythology

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Birth

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Varying accounts of Bhumi's birth are narrated in Hindu scriptures. The southern recension of the epic Mahabharata mentions Bhumi as the daughter of the creator god Brahma. The Devi Bhagavata Purana states her to be born of out the remains of two rakshasas, Madhu and Kaitabha.[10]

Rescue by Varaha

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A sculpture of Bhumi seated on Varaha's lap.

Bhumi is the consort of the anthropomorphic Varaha, an avatar of the preserver god Vishnu. According to the Puranas, during the Satya Yuga (first eon), the demon Hiranyaksha kidnapped Bhumi and hid her in the primordial waters. Upon the request of the gods, Vishnu took the avatar (incarnation) of Varaha to rescue her. Varaha slew the demon and retrieved the Earth from the depths of the ocean, lifting it on his tusks. He restored Bhumi to her rightful place in the universe, and proceeded to marry her.[10]

The episode of the devas seeking the assistance of Vishnu's Varaha avatar in rescuing Bhumi is described in the Padma Purana:[11]

They sought the shelter of Nārāyaṇa, Viṣṇu. Then knowing that wonder, he, Viṣṇu, the holder of a conch, a disc, and a mace, took up the Boar-form, existing everywhere and having no beginning, middle or end. The highest lord full of everything, having hands and feet on all sides, having large fangs and arms, struck the demon with one fang. The mean son of Diti, with his huge body pounded, died. Seeing the earth fallen (from the demon’s head), he lifted it with his fang, and putting it on Śeṣa’s head as before, took up the form of a Tortoise. Seeing great Viṣṇu of the form of the hog, all deities and sages, with their bodies bowed with devotion, praised him.

— Padma Purana, Chapter 237

Children

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Sita returns to her mother, the Earth, (left) as Rama, her sons, and the sages watch in astonishment, painting by Raja Ravi Varma

Narakasura was the first born of Bhumi. There are two stories about Narakasura's birth. In the first one, he was the first son of Bhumi and Varaha. He was born when Bhumi requested Varaha for a son. Narakasura later performed a penance to receive a boon that only his mother would be able to kill him. In the second one, Narakasura's father was Hiranyaksha and was born when Hiranyaksha's horns touched Bhumi.[12] Narakasura is believed to have been the founder of the legendary Bhauma dynasty among the Boro people.

Mangala, according to Vaishnava tradition, was the son of Varaha and Bhumi.[13]

Sita, the wife of Rama, emerged from the earth, and subsequently adopted by the King of Mithila, Janaka. The tale goes that there was once a drought in Mithila, the hometown of Sita. Janaka, the future father of Sita, was ploughing the ground. Under his plough, he found a baby girl (Sita). Rain showered upon the earth and Janaka and his wife decided to adopt the girl. As Sita was born from the earth, she was also known as Bhumija.[14]

Saving Prahlada

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Prahlada, the son of Hiranyakashipu, was a devotee of Vishnu. The father did not like the son’s devotion to Vishnu. He punished Prahlada in a number of ways. Once, he threw down Prahlada from the top of a high building. At that moment, Bhumi appeared there and received him in her arms.[15]

The milking of the earth

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Main article: Prithu
 
Prithu chasing the earth goddess Bhumi, who is in the form of a cow. From an illustrated manuscript of the Bhagavata Purana. Indian, Pahari, c 1740

One of the most well-recounted legends of Bhumi is her episode with the emperor of the world, Prithu. When Prithu hears that his people are starving because the earth had withdrawn most of her vegetation, he furiously chases her in her form of a cow. She submits, allowing herself to be milked so that living beings could be nourished once more. Attributes such as the courage, valour, knowledge, and the bodily health of the Brahmin sages are stated to have been milked from the earth, and the virtues and the truths that characterise animals may be attributed to her as well:[16]

Pṛthu got angry on hearing this and taking his bow Ajagava and several arrows went in search of the goddess of earth. The goddess got frightened and fled taking the form of a cow. She went to all lokas but Pṛthu followed her with his bow and arrows everywhere. At last desiring to escape from the arrows of such a valiant king Bhūmidevī went to him and trembling with fear said "Oh king, why do you make such a persistent attempt, to kill me which would be the great sin of Strīvadha? (killing a woman)." The Rājā replied that there was no sin in killing wicked persons. The goddess asked what refuge was there for the people if the earth was destroyed. The king said that he would protect his people by the power of his yoga. Bhūmidevī was frightened and she said "Oh king, I shall give you back all I have destroyed in the form of milk. Therefore, virtuous as you are, if you are really interested in the welfare of the people I shall allow you to milk me and take back everything you want. Do bring a calf."

Satyabhama avatar

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Main article: Satyabhama

The scriptures narrate how Bhumi took the incarnation as a human to slay her son, Narakasura. According to the legend, after receiving his desired boon, Narakasura grew arrogant and drunk with his power. He started capturing women and forcefully made them his wives. He captured nearly 16,000 women. He wrested control of heaven from Indra and no deity was able to defeat him because of his boon. Narakasura even took the earrings of Indra's mother, Aditi, and gave them to his mother, Bhumi. Bhumi was requested by the devas to slay her son. She manifested herself upon the earth as Satyabhama, the daughter of Satrajit. Satyabhama married Krishna, and the couple waged war on Narakasura. She finally beheaded the latter with her husband's Sudarshana Chakra, thus fulfilling the prophecy that the asura could only be killed by his mother.[17]

Festival

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The Raja festival in Odisha, Eastern India, is a three-day celebration dedicated to Bhudevi, also known as Bhoomi Devi. This festival honors the essence of womanhood and agriculture in life. During Raja, Bhudevi is revered as a symbol of motherhood, femininity, and fertility. The festival marks the beginning of the monsoon and the arrival of new crops, as it is believed that Bhudevi is resting and preparing to bless humanity with a prosperous harvest. Raja is predominantly celebrated by women and young girls. They indulge in self-care, donning new clothes and beautiful ornaments. Applying red dye (alta) to their feet and adorning their hair with flowers are essential rituals. They are treated to their favorite food and a special Odia delicacy called Poda Pitha, a baked rice cake prepared exclusively for this occasion. Elaborate flower-laced swings are set up for the women and girls, who are considered embodiments of goddesses, particularly Bhudevi. They are not allowed to touch the ground during the festival. To respect Bhudevi's deep slumber, people refrain from digging the earth or engaging in agricultural work during this time. The festival embodies the interdependence and respect for agriculture, women, and the environment in Odisha and beyond.[18]

References

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  1. ^ "Bhumi, Bhūmi, Bhūmī: 41 definitions". Wisdom Library. 11 April 2009. Earth (भूमि, bhūmi) is one of the five primary elements (pañcabhūta)
  2. ^ Shaw, Miranda Eberle (2006). Buddhist Goddesses of India. Princeton University Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-691-12758-3.
  3. ^ Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.
  4. ^ Mani, Vettam (2015-01-01). Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 142. ISBN 978-81-208-0597-2.
  5. ^ Duffy, Michelle; Mair, Judith (2017-08-07). "Social inclusion, social exclusion and encounter". Festival Encounters. Routledge. pp. 83–93. doi:10.4324/9781315644097-8. ISBN 9781315644097.
  6. ^ Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.
  7. ^ Rao, T.A.G. (1997). Elements of Hindu Iconography. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0876-2.
  8. ^ Stutley, Margaret (2003). The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 82. ISBN 81-215-1087-2.
  9. ^ Mitchell, A. G.; Victoria and Albert Museum (1982). Hindu gods and goddesses. United Kingdom: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 8. ISBN 9780112903727.
  10. ^ a b Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0597-2.
  11. ^ Shastri, Jagdish Lal; Kunst, Arnold (1991). Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology;: The Padma-purana, pt.9. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 3197. ISBN 978-81-208-0881-2.
  12. ^ Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  13. ^ Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  14. ^ Raman, A. S. (1961). Tales From Indian Mythology. Popular Prakashan. p. 20. ISBN 978-81-7157-119-2.
  15. ^ Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2001). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas. Sarup & Sons. p. 190. ISBN 978-81-7625-226-3.
  16. ^ Edits, The Divine (2023-04-22). Brahmavaivarta Purana - A Concise Guide. by Mocktime Publication. p. 9.
  17. ^ Vemsani, Lavanya (2016-06-13). Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-61069-211-3.
  18. ^ "Bhudevi: Significance and Her Ancient Representation". www.exoticindiaart.com. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
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  •   Media related to Bhūmi at Wikimedia Commons
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