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Andal

For other uses, see Andal (disambiguation).

Andal (Tamil: ஆண்டாள்; ISO 15919: Āṇḍāḷ), also known as Kothai, Nachiyar, and Godadevi, was the only female Alvar among the twelve Hindu poet-saints of South India. She was posthumously considered an avatar of the goddess Bhudevi. As with the Alvar saints, she was affiliated with the Sri Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism. Scholars believe her to have been active in the 8th-century CE,[1][2] with some suggesting 7th century CE.[3][note 1]

Andal
Painting of Andal
Personal
Born
Kothai

7th century CE
Srivilliputhur
ReligionHinduism
SpouseRangamannar as Ranganatha (according to Sri Vaishnava tradition)
Parent
Organization
PhilosophySri Vaishnavism
Religious career
ReincarnationBhudevi (according to Sri Vaishnava tradition), Vijaya Lakshmi, MahaLakshmi
Literary worksTiruppavai, Nachiyar Tirumoli
This article contains Tamil script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Tamil script.

Andal is credited with two great Tamil works, Tiruppavai and Nachiyar Tirumoḻi, which are still recited by devotees during the winter festival season of Margaḻi. Andal is a prominent figure for women in South India and has inspired several women's groups, such as Goda Mandali.[5]

Legends

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Krishna with his head on the lap of the Alvar saint, Andal

According to literary and religious tradition, Periyalvar (பெரியாழ்வார்), originally called Vishnuchithan, was an ardent devotee of Perumal (Vishnu) and he used to string garlands to the deity every day. He was childless and he prayed to God to save him from the longing for a child. One day, he found a girl under a Tulasi plant in a garden inside the temple. The child was considered to be the goddess Bhudevi herself. He named the child as Kothai, who grew up as a devotee of Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu. She is believed to have worn the garland before dedicating it to the presiding deity of the temple. Periyalvar, who later found it, was highly upset and remonstrated her. Vishnu appeared in his dream and asked him to dedicate only the garland worn by Andal to him because when the new garland was put on Vishnu's idol, it fell down but when the garland was worn by Andal, Vishnu turned into gold. The girl Kothai was thus named Andal and was referred to as "Chudikodutha Sudarkodi" (சூடிகொடுத்த சுடர்க்கொடி), meaning the lady who wore and gave her garland to Vishnu. Periyalvar took Andal to the Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam and Andal was reunited with Vishnu as his bride. The practice is followed during modern times when the garland of Andal from Srivilliputhur Andal Temple is sent to Tirumala Venkateswara Temple on Garudotsavam during the Tamil month of Purattaasi (September – October) and Azhagar Koyil during Chitra Pournami.[6] Andal is also called as Nachiyar or Andalnachiar.

Kodhai was brought up by Vishnuchitta (Periyalvar) in an atmosphere of love and devotion. As Kodhai grew into a beautiful maiden, her fervor for God grew to the extent that she decided to marry only God himself. As time passed, her resolve strengthened and she thought constantly about marrying Ranganathar of Thiruvarangam (the reclining form of Vishnu). Andal is referred to as Nachiyar. She wrote Tiruppavai and Nachiyar Thirumoḻi.

In Tamil Nadu, Andal is remembered for her pure love and devotion. In the Tiruppavai, Andal, as a Gopi in Ayarpadi (Vrindavan),[7] emphasizes that the ultimate goal of life is to seek surrender and refuge at the Lord's feet. It is believed that Ranganatha of Ranganathaswamy temple married Andal, who later merged with the idol. Since Andal married Ranganatha, the presiding deity is called Rangamannar.[8]

Iconography

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Andal's hairstyle and ornamentation are unique to ancient Tamil culture. The tuft of the hair is bunned to the side and adorned with jasmine flowers and elaborate jewellery.[9]

Srivilliputhur Andal's hand-crafted parrot is made with fresh green leaves each and every day. This parrot is kept in the left hand of Andal.[10] A pomegranate flower for beak and mouth, bamboo sticks for legs, banana plant, petals of pink oleander and nandiyavattai are used to prepare this parrot.[11]

Literary works

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Andal composed two literary works, both of which are in the rich Tamil verse form and express literary, philosophical, religious, and aesthetic content.

Tiruppavai

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Her first work is the Tiruppavai, a collection of 30 verses in which Andal imagines herself to be a gopi, one of the cowherd girls known for their unconditional devotion to Krishna. In Tiruppavai, Andal idolized Radha as the ideal gopi and also invoked the gopis of Braj.[12] Nappinai is identified as a form of Lakshmi, who is accorded the status of the supreme consort of Vishnu in Sri Vaishnavism.[13] In these verses, she describes the yearning to serve Vishnu and achieve happiness not just in one lifetime, but for all eternity. She also describes the religious vows (pavai) that she and her fellow cowherd girls will observe for this purpose. It is said that Tiruppavai is the nectar of Vedas and teaches philosophical values, moral values, ethical values, pure love, devotion, dedication, single-minded aim, virtues, and the ultimate goal of life.[14][15]

Andal extols Krishna thus in this text:[13]

மாயனை மன்னுவடமதுரை மைந்தனை

தூயபெருநீர்‌ யமுனைத்துறைவனை ஆயர்குலத்தினில்‌ தோன்றும்‌ அணிவிளக்கை தாயைக்குடல்‌ விளக்கம்‌ செய்த தாமோதரனை தூயோமாய் வந்துநாம்‌ தூமலர்‌ தூவித்தொழுது வாயினால்பாடி மனத்தினால்‌ சித்திக்கப் போயப் பிழையும்‌ புகுதருவான்‌ நின்றனவும்‌ தீயினில் தூசாகும்‌ செப்பேலோ ரெம்பாவாய்‌

My dear girls! you all know the Mayan, (Sri Krishna the Mysterious, whose greatness is beyond description and whose actions are beyond common understanding), who was born in North Mathura and who sports in the large waters of the Pure Jamuna, who shines like a Ratna Deepa (Emerald lamp) among the cowherd folk, the Damodara who brought name and fame to His mother Yasoda! We shall approach Him in all purity, We shall strew pure and choice flowers at His feet and worship Him. We shall sing about Him and we shall (unceasingly) think of Him: and thereby shall our sins, those already committed and those we are likely to commit in the future, all of them disappear like cotton in fire.

— Tiruppavai, Verse 5

Nachiyar Tirumoḻi

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The second work by Andal is the Nachiyar Tirumoḻi, a poem of 143 verses. "Tirumoḻi" literally means "Sacred Sayings" in a Tamil poetic style and "Nachiyar" means Goddess. Therefore, the title means "Sacred Sayings of the Goddess." This poem fully reveals Andal's intense longing for Vishnu, the Divine Beloved. Utilising classical Tamil poetic conventions and interspersing stories from the Vedas and Puranas, Andal creates imagery that is possibly unparalleled in the whole gamut of Indian religious literature.

In Nachiyar Tirumoḻi, Andal craves for God and says she would offer God 1000 pots of "akkaravadisal" if he marries her, which was later fulfilled by Saint Ramanuja in the 11th century.

Nevertheless, conservative Vaishnava institutions do not encourage the propagation of Nachiyar Tirumoḻi as much as they encourage Tiruppavai because Nachiyar Tirumoḻi belongs to an erotic genre of spirituality that is similar to Jayadeva's Gita Govinda.[16][17][18][19][20]

Significance in Southern India

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Andal Temple of the Hoysala period, Chennakeshava Temple, Belur

Andal is one of the reputed poet-saints of the Tamils.[21] Pious tradition holds her to be the incarnation of Bhūmi Devi (Sri Lakshmi as Mother Earth) to show humanity the way to Vishnu's lotus feet. In Southern India, representations of her next to Vishnu are present in Vaishnava temples, many temples also have a separate shrine for Andal. During the month of Margaḻi, discourses on the Tiruppavai in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Hindi take place all over India.[22] The Srivilliputhur Divya Desam at Srivilliputhur consists of twin temples, one of which is dedicated to Andal. There are a number of festivals dedicated to Andal, among the most notable being the Pavai Nonbu in the Tamil month of Margaḻi (December – January), Andal Thirukalyanam in Panguni, Pagalpathu, Rapathu, Adi Thiruviḻa, when Andal is depicted seated in the lap of Ranganathar.[23] Andal is known for her unwavering devotion to Vishnu, the preserver deity. Adopted by her father, Periyalvar, Andal avoided earthly marriage, the normal and expected path for women of her culture, to marry Vishnu, both spiritually and physically. In many places in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, Andal is treated more than a saint and as a form of god herself and a shrine for Andal is dedicated in several Vishnu temples.[24]

Thousands of people from the state of Tamil Nadu participate in the "Aadi Pooram" festival celebrated in the Andal Temple. After early morning special pujaas, the presiding deities, Shri Rengamannar and Goddess Andal are taken in decorated palanquins to the car. The festival marks the adoption of presiding deity, Andal, by Periyalvar after he found her near a Tulsi plant in the garden of Vatapatrasayi Temple at Srivilliputhur on the eighth day of the Tamil month of Aadi.[25][26] For Tirupati Brahmotsavam, garlands worn to Andal in Srivilliputhur temple are sent to Venkateswara Temple at Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh. These traditional garlands are made of tulasi, sevanthi and sampangi flowers. These garlands are worn by Venkateswara during the Garuda seva procession.[27] Every year, Tirupati Venkateswara's garland is sent to Srivilliputtur Andal for marriage festival of Andal.[28] Andal garland is also sent to Madurai Kallaḻagar temple for the Chithirai Festival.[28]

In poetry, 9th-century Andal became a well-known Bhakti movement poet, states Pintchman, and historical records suggest that by 12th-century she was a major inspiration to Hindu women in south India and elsewhere.[5] Andal continues to inspire hundreds of classical dancers in modern times choreographing and dancing Andal's songs.[5] Andal is also called Goda, and her contributions to the arts have created Goda Mandali (circle of Andal) in the Vaishnava tradition.[5]

Through poetry of saints (such as Andal) women are thought to be able to connect with God directly and those words are thought to encapsulate their personal emotions.[5]

Goda Mandali (circle) which was named after Andal was formed in 1970 and reorganized in 1982 spreads Andal songs widely through TV and radio programs.[5] The group would gather weekly to learn songs and would sing at events such as festivals where they would raise money for shrines.[5]

Influence on contemporary world

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Andal sculpture in Tirumala.

Bhakti poetry

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In contemporary commentaries on Tamil bhakti poetry, A.K. Ramanujan's work remarks on how many other religious traditions would keep and treat passionate love and devotion to God as separate, while in the bhakti tradition, they can be in resonance with one another:

"All devotional poetry plays on the tension between saguna and nirguna, God as person and God as principle. If he were entirely a person, he would not be divine, and if he were entirely a principle, a godhead, one could not make poems about him. The Vaishnavas, too, say that God is characterized by both 'paratva, 'otherness' and soulabhaya, 'ease of access'; he is both here and beyond, both tangible as a person and intangible as a principle-such is the nature of the ground of all being. It is not either/or, but both and; myth, bhakti and poetry would be impossible without the presence of both attitudes".[29]

Feminist interpretations

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Several contemporary interpretations view her act of marrying Vishnu as feminist.[30] Divine marriages and virginity allowed women's subjectivity, as she is able to choose her husband, and given an "aristocratic freedom".[31] It is said that by devoting herself to God and rejecting marrying a human, she avoided the regular duties involved with being a wife that would inhibit her freedom.[30]

 
Andal's idol covered in ornaments and garlands

In one of her poems, Andal says that her voluptuous heart will swell for God alone, and scorns the idea of making love to mortal beings, comparing that with the sacrificial offering made by Brahmins being violated by jackals in the forest,[32] and in another verse she dedicates her swelling breasts to God who carries a conch.[33]

Feminist interpretations look at some of Andal's verses as her open acknowledgement of her love for Vishnu, written with bold sensuality and startlingly savage longing, hunger and inquiry as widely found in Tamil Sangam literature that express women's longings and their separation from their men; even today, her most erotic poems are rarely rendered publicly.[34] In one such verse Andal dispenses with metaphor and imagines herself lying in the arms of Krishna, making love to him:[35]

My life will be spared
Only if he will come
To stay for me for one night
If he will enter me,
So as to leave
the imprint of his saffron paste
upon my breasts
 
Mixing, churning, maddening me inside,
Gathering my swollen ripeness
Spilling nectar,
 
As my body and blood
Bursts into flower.

William Dalrymple- In search of Tamil Nadu's poet-preachers[36][33]

Quoted from Feminism and world religions by Arvind Sharma, Katherine K. Young: "What Andal and other women poets did by living the way they did was to negotiate a space within a marriage-dominated society and made at least some sections of society make room for them".[30]

Andal fulfilled the expectation of becoming a wife by marrying God, but since her husband was divine, she gained her autonomy.[30] This act is referred to as virginal feminism by numerous scholars in patristic theology.[37] Virginity is viewed as giving women the option to avoid childbearing, "male domination" and live a new life of devotion to God.[37]

Amuktamalyada

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Main article: Amuktamalyada

Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagar Dynasty composed the epic poem Amuktamalyada in Telugu, which is considered as a masterpiece. Amuktamalyada translates to one who wears and gives away garlands, and describes the story of Andal or Goda Devi, the daughter of Periyalvar.[38]

Amuktamalyada describes pain of separation (viraha) experienced by Andal, who is described as the incarnate of Lakshmi the consort of Vishnu. Further, the poem describes Andal's beauty in 30 verses written in the keśādi-pādam style, starting from her hair, going down her body till her feet.[39][40]

Mangalasasanam

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Mangalasasanam by Divyadesam: Andal has sung in praise of eleven holy sites:[41]

S.No. Name of the temple Location Photo Number of Pasurams Presiding deity Notes/Beliefs
1 Srirangam 10°51′45″N 78°41′23″E / 10.8625°N 78.689722°E / 10.8625; 78.689722
 
 10 Sri Ranganatha Perumal Sri Ranganayaki Thayar Srirangam temple is often listed as one of the largest functioning Hindu temples in the world, the more larger Angkor Wat being the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world. The temple occupies an area of 156 acres (631,000 m²) with a perimeter of 4,116m (10,710 feet) making it the largest Hindu temple in the Indian Subcontinent and one of the largest temples in the world.[42][43] The annual 21-day festival conducted during the Tamil month of Margali (December – January) attracts 1 million visitors.[44]
2 Vaikuntha Heaven
 
Vishnu, Lord of Vaikuntha
 1 Sri Paramapada Nathan Sri Periya Piratti Vaikuntha is the celestial abode of Vishnu and Lakshmi.[45][46][47] Vaikuntha is the place of Vishnu and Lakshmi and other deities.
3 Tirupati 13°08′35″N 79°54′25″E / 13.143°N 79.907°E / 13.143; 79.907
 
 18 Sri Venkateshvara Perumal Sri Padmavati Thayar Venkateshvara Padmavati Temples is landmark Himdu temple situated in Tirumala and Tiruchanur at Tirupati in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesham, India. The Temple is dedicated to Venkateshvara and Padmavati, a form of Vishnu and Lakshmi, who are appeared here to flourish people in Kali Yuga. Hence the place has also got the name Kaliyuga Vaikuntham and deities here is referred to as Kaliyuga Prathyaksha Dheivangal.[48]
4 Kshira Sagara (Tiruparkadal) Heaven
 
Kurma
 3 Sri Kshirabtha Nathan Sri Kadalmagal Nachiyar In Hindu cosmology, Kshira Sagara is on Vaikuntha.[49][50] It is the place in heaven where Vishnu and Lakshmi sit on Shesha and Nagalakshmi.
5 Mathura 27°30′17″N 77°40′11″E / 27.504748°N 77.669754°E / 27.504748; 77.669754
 
Kurma
 19 Sri Krishna Sri Rukmini The temple in Mathura, is among the most sacred of Hindu sites, and is worshipping as the birthplace of Krishna.[51] Krishna and Rukmini are deities of this temple. According to traditions, the original deity was installed by Vajranabha, who is the great-grandson of Krishna and Rukmini.[52]
6 Dvarakadhisha Kalyana Temple 22°14′16.39″N 68°58′3.22″E / 22.2378861°N 68.9675611°E / 22.2378861; 68.9675611
 
Dvaraka Temple
 4 Sri Dvarakadisha Perumal Sri Kalayana Thayar The temple is dedicated to the god Krishna and Rukmini, who is worshiped here by the name Dvarakadhisha and "Kalyana", or "King of Dvaraka" and "Queen of Dvaraka". The main shrine of the 5-storied building, supported by 72 pillars, is known as Jagata Mandiram or Nija Mandiram, archaeological findings suggest it is 2,000 years old.[53][54][55] Temple was enlarged in the 15th - 16th century CE.[56][57]
7 Tirumalirunsolai 10°04′27″N 78°12′52″E / 10.074136°N 78.214356°E / 10.074136; 78.214356
 
Temple tower
 11 Sri Kallalagar Perumal Sri Sundaravalli Thayar The temple is constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a seven-tiered rajagopuram. The temple is surrounded by a large fort. Kallalagar and Sundaravalli is believed to have appeared sage Suthapavan. The temple follows Thenkalai tradition of worship.[58]
8 Sarangapani Komalavalli Temple 10°57′34″N 79°22′29″E / 10.95944°N 79.37472°E / 10.95944; 79.37472
 
Temple tower
 1 Sri Sarangapani Perumal Sri Komalavalli Thayar This temple is along Kaveri and is one of the Pancharanga Kshetrams. The temple is believed to be of significant antiquity with contributions at different times from Cholas, Vijayanagara Empire and Madurai Nayakas. The temple is enshrined within a granite wall and the complex contains all the shrines and the water tanks of the temple. The rajagopuram (the main gateway) has eleven tiers and has a height of 173 ft (53 m).[59]
9 Tirukannapuram 10°52′7″N 79°42′6″E / 10.86861°N 79.70167°E / 10.86861; 79.70167
 
Temple tower
 1 Sri Sourirajan Perumal Sri Kannapuram Thayar The deities wore wigs (souris), named Kannapuram and Sourirajan. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines and three of its seven bodies of water. The temple has a seven-tiered rajagopuram, the temple's gateway tower and a huge temple tank in front of it. The temple is constructed by the Cholas, with later additions from the Thanjavur Nayakas.[60]
10 Srivilliputhur 9°30′32″N 77°37′56″E / 9.50889°N 77.63222°E / 9.50889; 77.63222
 
Temple tower
 1 Sri Rangamannar Sri Andal The temple is associated with the life of Andal, who is a incarnation of Lakshmi without any parents who married Rangamannar, a incarnation of Vishnu was found by Periyalvar under a Tulsi plant in the garden inside this temple. She is wore the garland before wearing that garland to Rangamannar. Periyalvar, who later found the garland, is shocked and taking the garland with Andal's hair. It is Rangamannar appeared in his dream and told him to wear the garland worn by Andal to him and Andal took that garland and wore that garland to Rangamannar and married him there itself, and Andal successfully married Rangamannar, fullfilling the dream of Andal and Rangamannar. It is Rangamannar of Srivilliputhur Andal Rangamannar Temple married Andal, later they died in Srirangam, Tiruchirapalli. The temple has two divisions – the one of Andal located on the southwestern and the second one of Rangamannar on the northeastern side. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines, the garden where Andal is born and two of its three bodies of water with the third body of water outside the temple. The Vijayanagara and Nayaka rulers commissioned paintings on the walls of the shrine of temple, some of which are still present.[8][61]
11 Gokula 26°57′00″N 80°26′19″E / 26.95009444667719°N 80.43869165722663°E / 26.95009444667719; 80.43869165722663
 
Gokul temple
 4 Sri Krishna Sri Rukmini It is known that Krishna lived in his childhood in this place.

Notes

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  1. ^ The hagiographic tradition asserts that Andal lived around 3000 BCE.[3][4]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Bryant, Edwin Francis (2007). Krishna: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-19-803400-1.
  2. ^ Chitnis, Krishnaji Nageshrao (2003). Medieval Indian History. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 116. ISBN 978-81-7156-062-2.
  3. ^ a b S. M. Srinivasa Chari (1 January 1997). Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-81-208-1342-7.
  4. ^ Greg Bailey; Ian Kesarcodi-Watson (1992). Bhakti Studies. Sterling Publishers. ISBN 978-81-207-0835-8.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Pintchman, Tracy (2007). Women's lives, women's rituals in the Hindu tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 181–187. ISBN 978-0198039341.
  6. ^ Rao, A.V.Shankaranarayana (2012). Temples of Tamil Nadu. Vasan Publications. pp. 195–99. ISBN 978-81-8468-112-3.
  7. ^ Sampath Kumaracharya, V.S. (2002). Musings on Andal's Tiruppavai: A Garland of Thirty Multifaceted Mystic Verses (in Tamil and English) (First ed.). Tirupati, India: Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams. ASIN B09FQ9JX1L. [Tamil text with English translation]. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  8. ^ a b Anantharaman, Ambujam (2006). Temples of South India. East West Books (Madras). pp. 177–181. ISBN 978-81-88661-42-8.
  9. ^ Sura's South India: A journey into peninsular India. Chennai: Sura Books. 2005. ISBN 8174781757. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  10. ^ Sri Manavala Mamunigal. "Srivilliputhur". www.andaljeeyar.org. PDF file available Archived 16 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Krishnamachari, Suganthy (8 August 2013). "Labour of love". The Hindu.
  12. ^ Ph.D, Lavanya Vemsani (13 June 2016). Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names. United States of America: ABC-CLIO. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-61069-211-3.
  13. ^ a b ACL-CPL 00339 Thiruppavai With an English Rendering.
  14. ^ "Life of Andal". thiruppavai.org tiruppavai.org. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  15. ^ "Andal's Wedding". youtube. Retrieved 20 April 2013.[dead YouTube link]
  16. ^ Rao, Shivshankar (31 March 2013). "Saints – Andal". Sushmajee: Dictionary of Hindu Religion Sketches. US Brahman Group. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  17. ^ For the Love of God: Selections from Nalayira Divya Prabandham. The Azhwars. New Delhi: Penguin Books Australia. 1996. ISBN 978-0140245721.ISBN 0140245723
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  19. ^ Muthukumaraswamy, MD (25 August 2016). "In Tamil lit, an erotic bhakti for Krishna". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  20. ^ Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2015). "Art and Literature: Inseparable Links". The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society.
  21. ^ Bryant, Edwin Francis (2007). Krishna: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-19-803400-1.
  22. ^ "Āndāl, Saint Goda". womenshistory.about.com. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  23. ^ S., Manickavasagam (2009). Power of Passion. Strategic Book Publishing. p. 163. ISBN 9781608605613.
  24. ^ "Architectural grandeur". The Hindu. Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. 12 August 2005. Archived from the original on 20 September 2006.
  25. ^ "Thousands of devotees likely to throng Thiruvilliputtur today". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 25 July 2009. Archived from the original on 28 July 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  26. ^ "Hundreds participate in Andal Temple car festival". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 30 July 2006. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011.
  27. ^ "ANDAL MALA PRESENTED TO LORD VENKATESWARA IN TIRUMALA – TTD News". news.tirumala.org. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  28. ^ a b kmdilip. "Srivilliputtur Andal Temple – Andal Temple". www.srivilliputtur.co.in. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  29. ^ Prentiss, Karen Pechilis (1999). The Embodiment of Bhakti. OUP. p. 25. ISBN 9780195128130.
  30. ^ a b c d Sharma, Arvind; Young, Katherine K. (1999). Feminism and world religions. SUNY Press. pp. 41–43.
  31. ^ Wogan-Browne, Jocelyn (1 March 2001). Saints' Lives and Women's Literary Culture, 1150–1300. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198112792.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-811279-2.
  32. ^ Ghai, Anuj. "Reflections on Andal". Academia.edu. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  33. ^ a b Chakravarty, Uma (1989). "The World of the Bhaktin in South Indian Traditions – The Body and Beyond" (PDF). Manushi: A Journal about Women and Society. Vol. 50-51-52. pp. 18–29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  34. ^ Rajarajan, R K K (2015). "Art and Literature: Inseparable Links". The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society. 106 (4): 53–61. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  35. ^ Lakshmi, C S (7 December 2003). "Landscapes of the body". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  36. ^ Dalrymple, William (10 July 2015). "In search of Tamil Nadu's poet-preachers". The Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
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