Bhanumati (wife of Duryodhana)

Bhanumati is folk name of the wife of Duryodhana—the main antagonist of the Hindu epic Mahabharata. In the epic itself, she is not given a name, and plays insignificant role. According to the Mahabharata, Duryodhana's wife was the daughter of King Chitrangada and the princess of Kalinga, who was forcefully abducted from her svayamvara (a self-choice ceremony to find a groom) by Duryodhana with the help of his friend Karna.

Bhanumati
An illustration of Bhanumati
Information
Affiliation	Kuru queen
Family	Chitrangada (father)
Spouse	Duryodhana
Children	Lakshmana Kumara (son) Lakshmana (daughter)
Home	Kalinga (by birth) Hastinapur (by marriage)

The name "Bhanumati" was developed and popularized through folktales and derivative works.

Development of the name

Bhanumati is never directly mentioned in the Mahabharata. In the Shalya Parva, Duryodhana expresses his sorrow over the fate of the mother of his son, Laxman Kumara. In the Stri Parva, Gandhari (mother of Duryodhana) mentions her daughter-in-law. In the Shanti Parva, the sage Narada narrates a story about the friendship of Duryodhana and Karna. Here, Karna helps his friend in abducting the daughter of Kalinga king Chitrāngada from her Swayamvar. As Duryodhana's wife is unnamed in the epic, her name is provided by the folktales.

Description in the Mahabharata

In the Stri Parva of Mahabharata, Gandhari, the mother of Duryodhana, describes her daughter-in-law to Krishna in the following manner.

Behold, again, this sight that is more painful than the death of my son, the sight of these fair ladies weeping by the side of the slain heroes! Behold, O Krishna, the mother of Lakshmana, that lady of large hips, with her tresses dishevelled, that dear spouse of Duryodhana, resembling a sacrificial altar of gold. Without a doubt, this damsel of great intelligence, while her mighty-armed lord was formerly alive, used to sport within the embrace of her lord's handsome arms! Why, indeed, does not this heart of mine break into a hundred fragments at the sight of my son and grandson slain in battle? Alas, that faultless lady now smells (the head of) her son covered with blood. Now, again, that lady of fair thighs is gently rubbing Duryodhana's body with her fair hand. At one time she is sorrowing for her lord and at another for her son. At one time she looketh on her lord, at another on her son. Behold, O Madhava, striking her head with her hands, she falls upon the breast of her heroic spouse, the king of the Kurus. Possessed of complexion like that of the filaments of the lotus, she still looketh beautiful like a lotus. The unfortunate princess now rubbeth the face of her son and now that of her lord.

— Gandhari, Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

Marriage with Duryodhana

Duryodhana's marriage is found in the Shanti Parva of Mahabharata. The tale of the svayamvara of Chitrangada's daughter is narrated by Narada, the divine sage. The text never mentions the name of the princess but states that she is fair and beautiful.

Duryodhana was invited to the Svayamvara of the daughter of King Chitrangada of Kalinga. Duryodhana went to the city of Rajapura, taking along his friend Karna. Many rulers like Shishupala, Jarasandha, Bhishmaka, Vakra, Kapotaroman, Nila, Rukmi, Sringa, Ashoka, Shatadhanvan and others attended the ceremony. After the commencing of the ceremony, the princess entered the arena with a garland in her hand, surrounded by her nursemaid and bodyguards. As she was being informed about the names of the participants and their lineage, she walked away from Duryodhana. Duryodhana refuses to accept her rejection and already smitten by the princess, took her away on his chariot which was drove by Karna and challenging other suitors to beat him and Karna. Karna successfully battled with the rest of the suitors with his sword, to protect his friend. Karna easily defeated the pursuing Kings and the other royal suitors abandoned their pursuit after seeing Karna's fighting prowess. On reaching Hastinapura, Duryodhana justified his act by giving the example of his great grandfather Bhishma abducting three princesses of Kashi for his stepbrother, Vichitravirya. Finally, Bhanumati consented and married Duryodhana.

Regional stories and folktales

Though Bhanumati is a minor character in the original Mahabharata, she appears in many regional stories and folktales.

The dice match with Karna

The popular tale is a Tamil folktale and is not mentioned in the Mahabharata. The popular tale is a Tamil folktale and is not mentioned in the Mahabharata. One day, Duryodhana requested Karna to take care of Bhanumati and entertain her for the evening as he had duties to be taken care of. To pass time, Karna and Bhanumati began playing a game of dice. The game soon got very interesting, engrossing the two of them completely. Gradually, Karna started winning. Meanwhile, Duryodhana returned early and entered the room. Seeing her husband come in, Bhanumati immediately stood up as a mark of respect. Karna, whose back was facing the door, did not realize this and misconstrued her intent, thinking that she was leaving because she was on the losing side.

Karna, before realizing his friend's arrival, grabbed Bhanumati's shawl and pulled her towards him. His action leads her pearl ornaments to scatter, making it more inappropriate. Her veil also slipped along with the shawl, so she was half-dressed. Bhanumati, who was as yet, not so familiar with Karna, froze at the thought of how her husband would react. Karna, following Bhanumati's stunned gaze, turned around to see Duryodhana observing them both carefully. He stood in shame, embarrassment and guilt, considering the wrath and inevitable punishment he was going to face from his friend. He was sure Duryodhana would immediately accuse them of impropriety. However, much to both their surprise, Duryodhana looked past Karna, and addressed his wife, "Should I just collect the beads, or would you like me to string them, as well?”

Bhanumati and Karna could only look at each other in shock, mutely, feeling ashamed at the way they had both severely misjudged him. He had implicit faith and great love for his queen, and even greater was his faith in his friend Karna. Not for a moment did he suspect that the man he had considered his brother would ever betray him, and only quietly picked up the pearls trustfully. This story is not present in the Vyasa Mahabharata and may have been developed to highlight Karna and Duryodhana's genuine friendship or Duryodhana's trust towards his friend.

Supriya's marriage

In Shivaji Sawant's novel Mritunjaya, which is based on the life of Karna, Bhanumati had a maid named Supriya, who was very close to her. When Duryodhana and Karna abducted Bhanumati, Supriya also followed them. Later, when Bhanumati accepted Duryodhana as her spouse, Supriya chose Karna as her husband.

Shalya's daughter in Indonesia

According to a folktale of Indonesia, Bhanumati is the daughter of Shalya, uncle of Nakula and Sahadeva, making her their cousins. As per the story, Bhanumati wanted to marry Arjuna but she married Duryodhana as per her father's wish. As Duryodhan was his son-in-law, Shalya supported the Kaurava side in the Kurukshetra War.

In popular culture

• In 1857 Kaliprasanna Singha, then 16 years old, played Bhanumati in a Bengal performance.
• Portrayed by Shubhi Ahuja in Suryaputra Karn television series
• Portrayed by Ravneet Kaur in Karn Sangini, 2018 television series

Bibliography

• Sharma, Arvind (2007). Essays on the Mahābhārata. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-81-208-2738-7.
• "The Mahabharata, Book 11: Stri Parva: Stri-vilapa-parva: Section 17". www.sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
• Chakravarti, Bishnupada (13 November 2007). Penguin Companion to the Mahabharata. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-93-5214-170-8.
• Pattanaik, Devdutt (2010). Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-310425-4.
• Menon, Ramesh (20 July 2006). The Mahabharata: A Modern Rendering. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-84565-1.