The bilateral relations between the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of India have been traditionally close and both countries share a "special relationship",[1][2] making Bhutan a protected state, but not a protectorate, of India.[3] India remains influential over Bhutan's foreign policy, defence and commerce. Bhutan is the largest beneficiary of India's foreign aid.
 | |
 India |
 Bhutan |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Royal Bhutanese Embassy, New Delhi | Embassy of India, Thimphu |
| Envoy | |
| Bhutanese Ambassador to India Vetsop Namgyel | Indian Ambassador to Bhutan Sudhakar Dalela |
.JPG)
Background
editFollowing the Chinese expedition to Tibet in 1910, Bhutan became a protected state of British India, signing a treaty allowing the British Raj in India to "guide" its foreign affairs and defence.[4] Bhutan was one of the first to recognize India's independence in 1947 and both nations fostered close relations, signing a standstill agreement to maintain the existing relations and a treaty of friendship in 1949.[5] Their importance was augmented by the 1950 annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China and China's border claims on both Bhutan and India.[6] India shares a 605 kilometres (376 mi) border with Bhutan and is its largest trading partner, accounting for 98 percent of its exports and 90 percent of its imports.[7]
Military cooperation
editA 2,000 strong Indian Military Training Team (IMTRAT) is permanently based in western Bhutan to train the Royal Bhutan Army, while other units regularly cooperate with the Royal Bhutan Army.[8][9]
1949 treaty
editOn 9 August 1949, Bhutan and India signed the Treaty of Friendship, calling for peace between the two nations and non-interference in each other's internal affairs.[10] However, Bhutan agreed to let India "guide" its foreign policy and both countries would consult each other closely on foreign and defence affairs. The treaty also established free trade and extradition protocols.[10] Scholars regard the effect of the treaty is to make Bhutan into a protected state, but not a protectorate, because Bhutan continues to have the power to conduct its own foreign policy.[3][11]
The annexation of Tibet by Communist China brought both countries even closer.[10][12] In 1958, the then-Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru visited Bhutan and reiterated India's support for Bhutan's independence and later declared in the Indian Parliament that any aggression against Bhutan would be seen as aggression against India.[10]
In August 1959, there reports in Indian media that China was seeking to "liberate" Bhutan and Sikkim. Nehru stated in the Lok Sabha that the defence of the territorial uprightness and frontiers of Bhutan was the responsibility of the Government of India.[13]
The period saw a major increase in India's economic, military and development aid to Bhutan, which had also embarked on a programme of modernisation to bolster its security. While India repeatedly reiterated its military support to Bhutan, the latter expressed concerns about India's ability to protect Bhutan against China while fighting a two-front war involving Pakistan.[10] India and Bhutan completed a detailed demarcation of their mutual border in the period between 1973 and 1984.[10] Border demarcation talks with India generally resolved disagreements except for several small sectors, including the middle zone between Sarpang and Geylegphug and the eastern frontier with the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.[10]
Indo-Bhutanese relations since 1972
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Although relations remained close and friendly, the Bhutanese government expressed a need to renegotiate parts of the treaty to enhance Bhutan's sovereignty.[10] Bhutan began to slowly assert an independent attitude in foreign affairs by joining the United Nations in 1971, recognizing Bangladesh and signing a new trade agreement in 1972 that provided an exemption from export duties for goods from Bhutan to third countries.[10] Bhutan exerted its independent stance at the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) summit conference in Havana, Cuba also in 1979, by voting with China and some Southeast Asian countries rather than with India on the issue of allowing Cambodia's Khmer Rouge to be seated at the conference.[10] Unlike in Nepal, where its 1950 treaty with India has been the subject of great political controversy and nationalist resentment because of Nepali immigrants in India, the nature of Bhutan's relationship with India has not been affected by concerns over the treaty provisions.[12][14] From 2003 to 2004, the Royal Bhutan Army conducted operations against anti-India insurgents of the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) that were operating bases in Bhutan and using its territory to carry out attacks on Indian soil.[15]
2007 treaty
editIndia re-negotiated the 1949 treaty with Bhutan and signed a new treaty of friendship in 2007. The new treaty replaced the provision requiring Bhutan to take India's guidance on foreign policy with broader sovereignty and not require Bhutan to obtain India's permission over arms imports.[16][17][12] In 2008, India's then Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited Bhutan and expressed strong support for Bhutan's move towards democracy.[7] India allows 16 entry and exit points for Bhutanese trade with other countries (the only exception being China) and has agreed to develop and import a minimum of 10,000 megawatts of electricity from Bhutan by 2021.
Support
editIn 2012–13 fiscal, India's budgetary support to the Kingdom country stood at US$600 million (around ₹30 billion). It steadily rose over the years to reach US$985 million (₹61.60 billion) in 2015–16 making Bhutan the largest beneficiary of India's foreign aid.
Bhutan's Prime Minister, Tshering Tobgay, requested an additional aid package from India worth INR 54 billion (US$819 million, as per the exchange rates at the time of signing the deal) for his nation during his visit to New Delhi in August 2013. Five-sixths of this amount (INR 45 billion) has been earmarked for Bhutan's 11th Five-Year plan. INR 4 billion was for the pending projects of the previous plan period. The remaining INR 5 billion was part of India's "Economic stimulus package" for Bhutan's slowing economy.
India operates three hydro power projects, of 1,416 MW in Bhutan and three more of 2,129 MW are under construction.[18] The third Prime Minister of Bhutan Lotay Tshering secured an aid package of about Nu.45 billion (about $635 million) for the 12th five-year plan in his first overseas visit to India in November 2018. During this meeting the tariff rate for the Mangdechhu Hydropower Project plant was also brought under discussion where Lotay Tshering tried to raise the rate to Nu.4.27 but it ended more towards the Indian Government's negotiation price of Nu.4.1. The revised tariff rate for the plant was then settled at Nu.4.12. The government of Bhutan also received Nu.4Billion for trade facilitation and boosting economic linkages.[19]
In 21st century
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Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi chose Bhutan as his first foreign destination. Modi inaugurated the Supreme Court Complex in Bhutan and also promised help to Bhutan on the IT and digital sectors.[20]
This visit followed an invitation by King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and Tobgay. The visit was called by the media as a "charm offensive" that would also seek to check Bhutan-China relations that had recently been formalized.[21] He also sought to build business ties,[22] including a hydro-electric deal, and inaugurated the India-funded Supreme Court of Bhutan building.[23] While talking about the visit, Modi said that Bhutan was a "natural choice" for his first foreign destination because of the "unique and special relationship" the two countries shared. He added that he was looking forward to nurture and further strengthen India's special relations with Bhutan. His entourage included Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj, National Security Adviser Ajit Doval and Foreign Secretary Sujatha Singh.[24] He was further set to discuss the insurgency in Northeast India, and China.[25]
In 2024, the King of Bhutan conferred Prime Minister Modi with Bhutan's highest civilian award. It was the first such award to a non-Bhutanese.[26]
See also
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References
edit- ^ Handle with care, Bhutan is a friend Archived 15 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Narendra Modi leaves for Bhutan on his first foreign visit as PM Archived 15 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Willigen, Niels van (2013), Peacebuilding and International Administration: The Cases of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, Routledge, pp. 16–, ISBN 978-1-134-11718-5: "Crawford (2006) distinguishes three different types of protectorates: protected states, international protectorates, and colonial protectorates. First, protected states are entities which still have substantial authority in their internal affairs, retain some control over their foreign policy, and establish their relation to the protecting state on a treaty or another legal instrument. Protected states still have qualifications of statehood."
- ^ Onley, James (March 2009), "The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa" (PDF), Asian Affairs, 11 (1)
- ^ Levi, Werner (December 1959), "Bhutan and Sikkim: Two Buffer States", The World Today, 15 (12): 492–500, JSTOR 40393115
- ^ "India-China Competition: Perspectives from the Neighbourhood". Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ^ a b Singh Visits Bhutan to Show India Backs Its Democratic Changes Archived 15 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Power games at the tri-junction.", The Hindu, 10 July 2017.
- ^ Sudha Ramachandran, [ "China Brief: Bhutan’s Relations With China and India."], Jamestown Foundation, Volume 17, Issue: 6
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Savada, Andrea Matles, ed. (1993). Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 330–331. ISBN 0-8444-0777-1. OCLC 27429416.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Bedjaoui, Mohammed (1991), International Law: Achievements and Prospects, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, pp. 51–, ISBN 92-3-102716-6: "The Treaty of Friendship of 8 August 1949 between Bhutan and India is an example of the creation of a protected State, Bhutan, with a quite loose relationship to the protecting State, India. By the terms of this Treaty of Friendship, Bhutan agreed to follow the guidance given by India in so far as external relations were concerned. India was not granted the power to exercise diplomatic rights on behalf of Bhutan and this way Bhutan remained in charge of its foreign policy."
- ^ a b c Asia Times Online Archived 15 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Visit of Nehru and Indira Gandhi Archived 26 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Tribune India Archived 20 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies Archived 29 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "INDIA-BHUTAN FRIENDSHIP TREATY" (PDF). mea.gov.in. 2 March 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
- ^ "India-Bhutan Friendship Treaty | Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses". idsa.in. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
- ^ "Narendra Modi to address Bhutanese parliament in first foreign visit India and Bhutan have good relations". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Archived from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
- ^ Palden, Tshering (1 January 2019). "India-Bhutan relations strengthened: PM". Journalism. Kuensel. Kuensel. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
- ^ "In Bhutan Narendra Modi vows to nurture ties". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
- ^ "India's Modi heads to Bhutan to woo neighbours". Channel NewsAsia. 4 June 2014. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- ^ "India, Bhutan to enhance economic ties as PM Modi pitches for 'B2B' links". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- ^ "Modi inaugurates Bhutan's Supreme Court building". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- ^ "Bhutan Rolls Out the Red Carpet for Prime Minister Narendra Modi". NDTV. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- ^ Rajeev Sharma. "NE terror, China: What's on PM Modi's Bhutan trip agenda?". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- ^ "Why PM Modi became the first foreign head of govt to get Bhutan's top civilian award". Firstpost. 22 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
Further reading
edit- Nayak, Nihar R. (September 2021). Political Changes in Nepal and Bhutan Emerging Trends in Foreign Policy in Post 2008 Period (PDF). Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. ISBN 978-81-953957-1-2.
