Biostimulants also termed as plant conditioners or bioeffectors are substances, cultures of micro-organism, and mixtures of materials used to promote the growth of crop plants and can include natural or artificial plant growth regulators and biofertilizers. They do not include pesticides or fertilizers. The concept has been developed on the basis of the idea that plants are not isolated entities but grow within a complex ecosystem involving interactions with multiple organisms and that the strengths of these associations can be modified to enhance plant growth.[1] The definitions vary but an attempted standard definition includes the statement that they are “a formulated product of biological origin that improves plant productivity as a consequence of the novel or emergent properties of the complex of constituents, and not as a sole consequence of the presence of known essential plant nutrients, plant growth regulators, or plant protective compounds.”[2]
Although there are no widely-accepted definitions of the term, around eight categories of constituents have been recognized in the literature which include:[3][4]
- Humic substances
- Nitrogenous substances including amino acids
- Non-essential chemical elements
- Inorganic salts
- Seaweed extracts
- Chitin and chitosan derivatives
- Antitranspirants
- Other complex organic materials
A review commissioned by the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board also included biological agents under the definition and defined four categories of these:[5]
- Plant growth promoting bacteria and rhizobacteria
- Non-pathogenic fungi
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
- Non-pathogenic protozoa and nematodes
Regulation
editAs of 2016[update] due to their being no agreed definition of the term biostimulant, there were no specific frameworks for regulating their use in any country.[5] The regulation of production and use of these materials varies from country to country with some treating them under their fertilizer legislations.[6] As of 2016[update] in Europe, registration requirements differed substantially between countries with France, Italy and Hungary having relatively strict regulations which required evidence of efficacy and toxicity, Germany and Spain requiring only efficacy information and the UK requiring no efficacy or safety information.[5]
References
edit- ^ Van Oosten, Michael James; Pepe, Olimpia; De Pascale, Stefania; Silletti, Silvia; Maggio, Albino (2017). "The role of biostimulants and bioeffectors as alleviators of abiotic stress in crop plants". Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture. 4 (1). doi:10.1186/s40538-017-0089-5. ISSN 2196-5641.
- ^ Yakhin, Oleg I.; Lubyanov, Aleksandr A.; Yakhin, Ildus A.; Brown, Patrick H. (2017-01-26). "Biostimulants in Plant Science: A Global Perspective". Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 2049. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.02049. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 5266735. PMID 28184225.
- ^ Jardin, Patrick du (2012). The science of plant biostimulants-a bibliographic analysis (PDF). Belgium. pp. 1–37.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ du Jardin, Patrick (2015). "Plant biostimulants: Definition, concept, main categories and regulation". Scientia Horticulturae. 196: 3–14. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.021. S2CID 83862677.
- ^ a b c Storer, Kate; Kendall, Sarah; White, Charlotte; Roques, Susie; Berry, Pete (July 2016). "A review of the function, efficacy and value of biostimulant products available for UK cereals and oilseeds" (PDF). Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ Caradonia, Federica; Battaglia, Valerio; Righi, Lorenzo; Pascali, Giacomo; La Torre, Anna (2019). "Plant Biostimulant Regulatory Framework: Prospects in Europe and Current Situation at International Level". Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 38 (2): 438–448. doi:10.1007/s00344-018-9853-4. ISSN 0721-7595. S2CID 253852209.