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Roman Catholic Diocese of Angers

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The Diocese of Angers (Latin: Dioecesis Andegavensis; French: Diocèse d'Angers) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in France. The episcopal see is located in Angers Cathedral in the city of Angers. The diocese extends over the entire department of Maine-et-Loire.

Diocese of Angers

Dioecesis Andegavensis

Diocèse d'Angers
Angers Cathedral
Location
CountryFrance
Ecclesiastical provinceRennes
MetropolitanArchdiocese of Rennes, Dol, and Saint-Malo
Statistics
Area7,166 km2 (2,767 sq mi)
Population
- Total
- Catholics		(as of 2022)
815,883
586,000 (71.8%)
Parishes60
Information
DenominationRoman Catholic
Sui iuris churchLatin Church
RiteRoman Rite
Established372
CathedralCathedral of St. Maurice in Angers
Patron saintSaint Maurice
Secular priests153 (Diocesan)
46 (Religious Orders)
52 Permanent Deacons
Current leadership
PopeFrancis
BishopEmmanuel Delmas
Metropolitan ArchbishopPierre d'Ornellas
Map
Website
Website of the Diocese

It was a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Tours under the old regime as well as under the Concordat. Since the general reorganization of the French hierarchy of 8 December 2002, the diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol, and Saint-Malo.

In 2022, in the Diocese of Angers there was one priest for every 2,944 Catholics.

History

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The first bishop of Angers known in history is Defensor, who was present in 372 at the election of the Bishop of Tours, and made a determined stand against the nomination of Martin of Tours. The legend concerning the earlier episcopate of a certain Auxilius, who converted nearly the entire province ca. 260–270; [1] he is connected with the cycle of legends that centre about Firmin of Amiens, who is said to have evangelized Bauvais, and is contradicted by Angevin tradition from before the thirteenth century.[2]

Among the names of the Diocese of Angers during the first centuries of its existence are those of Maurilius, disciple of Martin of Tours, and at an earlier period hermit of Chalonnes, who made a vigorous stand against idolatry, and died in 427. As for the tradition that Renatus, who had been raised from the dead by Maurilius, was Bishop of Angers for some time shortly before 450, it bases its claims to credibility on a late life of Maurilius written in 905 by the deacon Archinald, and circulated under the name of Gregory of Tours, and it seems to have no real foundation.[3]

Thalassius, consecrated bishop in 453, has left a compendium of canon law, consisting of the decisions of the councils of the province of Tours;[4] Licinius (Lezin), a courtier and constable of King Chlothar I who appointed him Count of Anjou, was bishop from 586 to 616.[5]

Berengarius, the heresiarch condemned for his doctrines on the Holy Eucharist, was Archdeacon of Angers about 1039, and for some time found a protector in the person of Eusebius Bruno, Bishop of Angers. Bernier, who played a great role in the wars of La Vendée and in the negotiations that led to the Concordat, was curé of St. Laud in Angers.[6]

Among the Bishops of Angers in modern times were:

Diocesan synods

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A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.[13]

Bishop Nicolas Gellent (1260–1291) held diocesan synods, usually at Pentecost and/or the Feast of Saint Luke (October 18), in 1261, in 1262, in 1263, 1265, 1266, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1280, 1281, 1282, and 1291. Bishop Guillaume Le Maire (1291–1314) held synods in 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1312, and 1314.[14] Bishop Foulques de Mathefelon (1324–1355) held diocesan synods in 1326, 1327, and 1328.[15]

Bishop Jean Michel (1439–1447) held a diocesan synod at Pentecost 1442.[16] Bishop Jean de Rely (1492–1499) presided at a diocesan synod in 1493.[17]

A diocesan synod was held in 1499, under the auspices of Bishop François de Rohan (1499–1532), but presided over by his vicar-general; another was held in 1503, and again in 1504, 1505, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1517, 1519, 1520, 1521, and 1523;[18] another was held at Pentecost in 1524, but presided over by his suffragan (or coadjutor), Bishop Jean Rouault of Rheon;[19] in 1525, 1526, 1527, and 1528.[20] In 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, and 1539, Bishop Jean Olivier (1532–1540) presided over a diocesan synod.[21] Bishop Gabriel Bouvery (1540–1572) held synods in 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1547, 1551, 1552, 1554, 1558, and 1564;[22] in 1565, he held a diocesan synod, warning pastors to reside in their parishes and carry out their canonical duties.[23] Bishop Guillaume Ruzé (1572–1587) held a diocesan synod at Pentecost 1586.[24] Vicars of Bishop-elect Charles Miron (1588–1616) held a diocesan synod in 1588, since he was only 18 years old when appointed in 1598,[25] and too young to be ordained a priest or bishop; other synods were held in 1589, in 1594 and in 1595, 1598 and 1600.[26] The synod of 1600 was particularly vigorous, with 26 canons, calling for clerical residence in their benefices, rquiring preachers to warn against attending Protestant services, and demanding better education for the clergy.[27] Other synods were held in 1601, in 1605, in 1606, in 1610, in 1612, in 1613, in 1614, and in 1615.[28]

Bishop Guillaume Fouquet (1616–1621) held a diocesan synod in 1617, and published extensive Statutes in French.[29] Bishop Charles Miron (1622–1627) held a synod in October 1622.[30] Two synods were held by Bishop Claude de Rueil (1628–1649), in 1634 and 1637.[31]

Bishop Guillaume-Laurent-Louis Angebault (1842–1869) held diocesan synods in Angers in 1859, on 24–26 September 1861, and in 1863.[32]

A provincial council, presided over by Archbishop Jean Bernardi of Tours, was held in Angers from 1–17 August 1448. It issued a set of 17 canons, mostly concerned with clerical discipline. Bishop Jean de Beauvau of Angers (1447–1467) was not present.[33]

Royal rights

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In 1516, following the papal loss of the Battle of Marignano, Pope Leo X signed a concordat with King Francis I of France, removing the rights of all French entities which held the right to elect to a benefice, including bishoprics, canonicates, and abbeys, and granting the kings of France the right to nominate candidates to all these benefices, provided they be suitable persons, and subject to confirmation of the nomination by the pope. This removed the right of cathedral chapters to elect their bishop, or even to request the pope to name a bishop. The Concordat of Bologna was strongly protested by the University of Paris and by the Parliament of Paris.[34] These benefices included all of the abbots and abbesses in the diocese of Angers.[35]

Cathedral and churches

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The earliest cathedral church in Angers is mentioned by Gregory of Tours. It burned in 473.[36] A second church is associated with the name Dagobert or Pipin, which would seem to point to the 7th century.[37] The second cathedral was in a ruinous state when Bishop Hubert de Vendôme (1006–1047), with the support of his parents, Vicount Hubert de Vendome and Emeline, rebuilt it; the third cathedral was dedicated on 16 August 1030. It had three naves, and two subsidiary naves. Less than two years later, on 27 September 1032, a major fire destroyed the city of Angers, including the cathedral, and, outside the walls, even destroyed most of the monastery of S. Aubin.[38] The cathedral was rebuilt, though it did not get its stone vault until 1150. Bishop Ulger (1125–1148) built the façade. Between 1125 and 1170, most of the old windows were replaced with stained glass. The choir was built in the last quarter of the 12th century. The left transept belongs to the 2nd quarter of the 13th century. A hurricane brought down the north tower in 1192.[39]

The Cathedral of S. Maurice was administered and served by a corporation called the Chapter. It consisted of 8 dignities (the Dean, the Grand Archdeacon, the Cantor, the Treasurer, the Archdeacon Transligeranus, the Archdeacon Transmeduanensis, the Scholasticus, and the Poenitentiarius) and 30 canons. The kings of France held by right the first of the canonicates.[40] Among the canons were the abbot of S. Sergius and the abbot of Omnes Sancti. The Dean was elected by the Chapter, and confirmed by the archbishop of Tours.[41] In 1334, Archbishop Stephen of Tours freed the Chapter from episcopal jurisdiction; in 1468, Pope Paul II did likewise.[42]

In addition, there were seven collegiate churches inside the city of Angers, each served by a Chapter of canons: S. Jelianus, S. Laudus, S. Magnobodus, S. Martinus, S. Maurilius, S. Petrus, and Sanctissima Trinitas.[43] There were twenty more collegiate churches elsewhere in the diocese.[44]

In the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790), the National Constituent Assembly abolished cathedral chapters, canonicates, prebends, chapters and dignities of collegiate churches, chapters of both secular and regular clergy of both sexes, and abbeys and priories whether existing under a Rule or in commendam.[45]

The cathedral of S. Mauritius was still under the control of the Catholic clergy until 20 March 1791, when it was taken over by the Constitutional clergy. The Constitutionals used the cathedral until 11 November 1793, when the Constitutional Church was abolished and the cathedral became the Temple of Reason. From 8 June 1794 until 4 August 1795, it was the Temple of the Supreme Being. The Constitutional Church was restored and used the cathedral until 28 April 1798, when it became the Temple décadaire, a name which was employed until 8 August 1800, until the name was again changed, to Temple consecré aux fêtes nationales. In April 1802, Catholicism reclaimed its cathedral.[46]

Seminary

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Struck by the low quality of the formation of the clergy over which he had come to rule, Bishop Henri Arnaud, in 1651, ordered that all aspirants to ordination to the priesthood must undertake a ten-day retreat, under the direction of the Oratorian fathers. In 1658, two Angevin priests proposed to Bishop Arnaud the establishment of a house of the Community of Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet dedicated to the education of priests. In 1660, the bishop ordered that all clerics must spend three months in their community before being ordained subdeacons. In 1672, the seminary directors sought additional teachers in Paris, and obtained the services of two Sulpicians. The Sulpicians eventually became the faculty of the seminary. Joseph Grandet, a Sulpician, was appointed director in 1673, and in 1695 he negotiated the union of the seminary of Angers and the seminary of S. Sulpice[47]

In the 18th century, there were two sorts of seminarians, those destined for ordination, who did not attend the university; and those who were only pensioners (numbering about 75).[48]

During the French Revolution, in the struggle over the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, non-juring priests were arrested and imprisoned in the seminary building, since the seminary itself had been closed by order of the government.[49]

University of Angers

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The cathedral school of Angers had a long history through the Middle Ages, under the direction of the Scholasticus of the cathedral Chapter. In the first half of the 11th century, it attracted Master Sigo, a student of Fulbert of Chartres (died 1028), who became abbot of Saint-Florent of Saumurs (1055-70).[50] It also claimed Master Hilduin, another of Fulbert's pupils, who became Prior of Saint-Aubin in Angers and then, in 1033, Abbot of Saint-Nicolas.[51] Nothing is known of the subjects being taught in the 11th century. It is possible that the prohibition against the teaching of civil law at Paris by Pope Honorius III in 1219[52] stimulated its teaching at Angers, which is called a studium particulare.[53] In any event, the secession[54] of masters and students from the University of Paris very likely brought both teachers and students of both civil and canon law to Angers.[55]

In 1244, a studium was founded at Angers for the teaching of canon and civil law. The Scholasticus of the cathedral school became the Grand Chancellor of the University. By the end of the 14th century, there were five officially recognized universities in France: Paris (1200), Toulouse (1229), Montpellier (1289), Orléans (1312), and Angers (1364).[56] In 1432 Angers added faculties of theology, medicine and art. This university was divided into six "nations," and survived up to the time of the Revolution.[57]

In consequence of the law of 1875 giving liberty in the matter of higher education, the University of Angers was returned to private hands, and became a Cathlic institution.[58]

French Revolution

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Formed from the National Assembly on 9 July 1789 during the first stages of the French Revolution, the National Constituent Assembly ordered the replacement of political subdivisions of the ancien régime with subdivisions called "departments", to be characterized by a single administrative city in the center of a compact area. The decree was passed on 22 December 1789, the boundaries fixed on 26 February 1790, with the institution to be effective on 4 March 1790.[59] The territory of Angers was assigned to the Departement de Maine-et-Loire, in the Metropole du Nord-Ouest.[60] The National Constituent Assembly then, on 6 February 1790, instructed its ecclesiastical committee to prepare a plan for the reorganization of the clergy. At the end of May, its work was presented as a draft Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which, after vigorous debate, was approved on 12 July 1790. There was to be one diocese in each department,[61] requiring the suppression of approximately fifty dioceses.[62]

In 1791, Bishop Couët du Viviers de Lorry refused to take the oath to the Civil Constitution, and fled to Rouen. He withdrew from all activity and lived in a small house in the countryside near Evreux. On 6 Febnruary 1791, the departmental electors met in the cathedral of S. Maurice and elected Hugues Pelletier, Prior-curé of Beaufort as their constitutional bishop.[63]

On 29 November 1801, in the concordat of 1801 between the French Consulate, headed by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, and Pope Pius VII, the bishopric of Angers and all the other dioceses were suppressed. This removed all the contaminations and novelties introduced by the Constitutiona Church.[64] The pope then recreated the French ecclesiastical order, with the bull "Qui Christi Domini," respecting in most ways the changes introduced during the Revolution, including the reduction in the number of archdioceses and dioceses. Angers was restored as a suffragan diocese of the archdiocese of Tours.[65]

Religious Orders

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During the Middle Ages Angers was a flourishing city with six monasteries: the Abbey of Saint Aubin [fr],[66] founded by King Childebert I; the Abbey of St. Sergius by Clovis II;[67] those of St. Julien, St. Nicholas and Ronceray, founded by Count Foulques Nerra, and All Saints' Abbey, an admirable structure of the twelfth century. In 1219 Pope Callixtus II went in person to Angers where, on 7 September 1119, he consecrated the church of S. Maria Caritatis attached to Ronceray Abbey.[68] The Diocese of Angers includes Fontevrault, an abbey founded at the close of the eleventh century by Robert d'Arbrissel but which did not survive the Revolution. The ruins of St. Maur perpetuate the memory of the Benedictine abbey of that name. In all, the diocese once had 18 abbeys and 186 priories.[69]

In 1783, in the diocese of Angers, there were establishments of male religious communities: Augustinians, Capuchins, Carmelites, Francisscans, Dominicans, Brothers of the Christian Schools, Minims, Lazarists, Oratorians, Recollets d'Angers, Recollets de la Baumette, and Sulpicians.[70]

The Carmelite nuns were installed in Angers on 18 January 1626, by Bishop Charles Miron of Angers and Bishop Philippe Cospéan of Nantes. They were driven out in September 1792.[71] The Ursulines were installed in Angers on 1 June 1618. They were expelled on 30 September 1792, and returned to Angers in 1818. They received royal permission on 30 July 1826.[72] The Daughters of Charity were established at Angers by Louise de Marillac personally in December 1639.[73]

During the French Revolution, the National Constituent Assembly attacked the institution of monasticism. On 13 February 1790, it issued a decree which stated that the government would no longer recognize solemn religious vows taken by either men or women. In consequence, Orders and Congregations which lived under a Rule were suppressed in France. Members of either sex were free to leave their monasteries or convents if they wished, and could claim an appropriate pension by applying to the local municipal authority.[74]

Religious Orders after 1800

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The Congregation of the Good Shepherd (Soeurs de Nôtre-Dame du Bon Pasteur d'Angers), which has houses in all parts of the world, has its mother-house at Angers,[75] by virtue of the papal brief "Cum christianae" of Pope Gregory XVI of 3 April 1835.[76] In 1839, Bishop Charles Montault (1802–1839) recalled the Jesuits to Angers. The Carmelite nuns returned in December 1850. Bishop Guillaume Angebault (1842–1869) invited the Capuchins to return in 1858; and in 1860 the Lazarists and the Oblates of Mary. In 1862, the Pères du Saint-Sacrement were restored.[77]

Bishops

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To 1000

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...
  • Mauriolus (attested 760–772)[91]
...
  • Benedictus (attested 816)[92]
  • Flodegarius (attested 829)[93]
...

1000 to 1300

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1300 to 1500

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  • Hugues Odard (1317–1323)
  • Foulques de Mathefelon (1324–1355)
  • Raoul de Machecoul (1356–1358)
  • Guillaume Turpin de Cressé (1358–1371)
  • Milon de Dormans (1371–1373)[111]
  • Hardouin de Bueil (1374–1439)[112]
Guillaume d'Estouteville (1439)[113]
Jean de Beauvau (1476–1479) (administrator)[116]
Auger de Brie (1479–1480) (administrator)[117]
  • Jean Balue (1480–1491)
  • Carlo Carretto (1491–1492) Administrator[118]
  • Jean de Rely (1492–1499)[119]
  • Richard de Boys (1492–1506), Coadjutor[120]

1500 to 1800

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  • François de Rohan (1499–1532) Administrator[121]
  • Olivier Le Presteur (1506–1550?) Coadjutor[122]
  • Jean Lambert (1518– ? ) Coadjutor[123]
  • Jean Censier (1519– ? ) Coadjutor[124]
  • Mathurin Legay (1538–1542) Coadjutor[126]
  • Guy Grégoire, O.Cist. (1542–1558) Coadjutor[127]
  • Pierre de Ragane (1560–1595?) Coadjutor[128]
Constitutional Church (schismatic)

From 1800

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Tresvaux I, p. 14.
  2. ^ Duchesne, p. 356.
  3. ^ Duchesne, p. 351.
  4. ^ Claude Fleury (ed. J.H. Newman, and W. Kay), The Ecclesiastical History, from A.D. 429 to A.D. 456, (Oxford: J.H. Parker 1844), p. 424.
  5. ^ Tresvaux I, pp. 57-59; 62-66. He is said to have died on 1 November 616, at the age of 65.
  6. ^ [La Redaction], "Bérenger a répandu ses erreurs à Angers," (in French), in: L'Anjou historique Vol. 2 (Angers 1901), pp. 3-17.
  7. ^ Henri Léon Joseph Forgeot, Jean Balue, cardinal d'Angers (1421?-1491) (in French), (Paris: E. Bouillon 1895), pp. 96-97.
  8. ^ Guy Arthaud, "Messire Henry Arnaud, évèque d'Angers," (in French), in: L'Anjou historique Vol. 2 (1901), pp. 383-406; Vol. 3 (1902), pp. 3-31; Vol. 4 (1903), pp. 337-344; Vol. 5 (1904), pp. 245-258. Vol. 6 (1905), pp. 113-125, and pp. 337-353.
  9. ^ Catéchisme ou Doctrine chrestienne imprimé par ordre de Messeigneurs les Evesques d'Angers, de la Rochelle et de Luçon, pour l'usage de leurs diocèses. (1676; second edition 1679). The catechisme was loaded with jansenist-leading statements.
  10. ^ Statuts du diocese d'Angers, (in Latin), (Paris: Antoine Dezallier, 1680.
  11. ^ Antoine Ricard, Monseigneur Freppel, (in French) (Paris: E. Dentu, 1892), pp. 103-136.
  12. ^ Edmond Renard, Le cardinal Mathieu: 1839-1908. Angers, Toulouse, Rome. La dernière crise de l'Église concordataire, (in French) (Paris: J. de Gigord, 1925). pp. 87-115.
  13. ^ Benedictus XIV (1842). "Lib. I. caput secundum. De Synodi Dioecesanae utilitate". Benedicti XIV ... De Synodo dioecesana libri tredecim (in Latin). Vol. Tomus primus. Mechlin: Hanicq. pp. 42–49. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2019. John Paul II, Constitutio Apostolica de Synodis Dioecesanis Agendis (19 March 1997): Acta Apostolicae Sedis 89 Archived 15 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine (1997), pp. 706-727.
  14. ^ Statuts du diocese d'Angers (Paris 1680), pp. 43-48.
  15. ^ Tresvaux, Vol. 1, p. 268. Statuts du diocese d'Angers, pp. 124-130.
  16. ^ Statuts du diocese d'Angers, pp. 131-133.
  17. ^ Statuts du diocese d'Angers, pp. 134-172.
  18. ^ Statuts du diocese d'Angers, pp. 173-252.
  19. ^ C. Uzureau, "Les coadjuteurs des évêques d'Angers (XV et XVI° siècles)," in: L'Anjou historique 25 (Angers: Siraudeau 1925), p. 130.
  20. ^ Statuts du diocese d'Angers, pp. 252-265.
  21. ^ Statuts du diocese d'Angers, pp. 253-280.Tresvaux, Vol. 1, pp. 340.
  22. ^ Statuts du diocese d'Angers, pp. 282-308.
  23. ^ Tresvaux, Vol. 1, p. 360.
  24. ^ Statuts du diocese d'Angers, p. 319.
  25. ^ Tresvaux I, p. 378.
  26. ^ Statuts du diocese d'Angers, pp. 320-338.
  27. ^ Tresvaux, Vol. 1, pp. 389-390.
  28. ^ Statuts du diocese d'Angers, pp. 338-369.
  29. ^ Statuts du diocese d'Angers, pp. 370-406.
  30. ^ Statuts du diocese d'Angers, pp. 407-410.
  31. ^ Statuts du diocese d'Angers, pp. 410-417.
  32. ^ F. C. Uzureau, "Le chapitre de la cathédrale d'Angers avant la Révolution," (in French), in: Andegaviana Volume 22 (Angers 1919), pp. 283-285.
  33. ^ J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, (in Latin), Vol. 32 (reprint: Paris: H. Welter 1902), pp. 75-94. Charles Joseph Hefele (ed. H. Leclercq), Histoire des conciles (in French), Vol. VII, deuxième parte (Paris: Letouzey 1916), pp. 1201-1203.
  34. ^ Jules Thomas, Le Concordat de 1516: Deuxième partie. Les documents concordataires, (in French and Latin), (Paris: A. Picard, 1910), pp. 60–65. The right had to be exercised by the king within six months of the occurrence of the vacancy of a benefice.
  35. ^ Uzureau, L'Anjou historique Vol 4 (1903), p. 440.
  36. ^ Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks, II. 18. Joseph Denais, Monographie de la cathédrale d'Angers, (in French), (Angers: H. Laurens, 1899), p. 25. Others place the fire in 476 or 480.
  37. ^ Denais, pp. 27-28.
  38. ^ Denais, p. 28. with note 4. "[V ] Kalend. octobris, civitas Andegava horribili conflagrat incendio. Nihil enim in ea intra muros urbis incombustum remansit, nec ipsa mater ecclesia scilicet episcopalis. Sed de suburbio, cum toto monasterio Sancti Albini, [pars] maxima deperiit: imo nihil quoque ejus evasit, præter pauculum quod aliis monasteriis hærebat [ita] ut ignis ardere non posset."
  39. ^ Denais, [https://books.google.com/books?id=%20UZ6yzqNjw4C&pg=PA29 pp. 29-31.
  40. ^ Denais, Monographie de la cathédrale d'Angers, p. 31.
  41. ^ F. C. Uzureau, "Le chapitre de la cathédrale d'Angers avant la Révolution," (in French), in: Andegaviana Volume 21 (Angers 1919), pp. 430-437.
  42. ^ Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, p. 543.
  43. ^ F. C. Uzureau, "Le chapitre de la Trinité d'Angers à la fin du XVIIIe siècle," (in French), in: Andegaviana Volume 21 (Angers 1919), pp. 106-118. Bishop Rainaldus (973–1005) entrusted the church of the Trinity to the Canons Regular of Saint Augustine. Tresvaux I, pp. 502-503.éé
  44. ^ Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, p. 544. S. Laudus was made free of episcopal jurisdiction by Bishop Michael in 1240.
  45. ^ J. B. Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, (in French), Volume 1 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1834), p. 244: "20. Tous titres et offices , autres que ceux mentionnés en la présente constitution, les dignités, canonicats, prébendes, demi-prébendes, chapelles, chapellenies, tant des églises cathédrales que des églises collégiales, et tous chapitres réguliers et séculiers de l'un et de l'autre sexe, les abbayes et prieurés en règle ou en commende, aussi de l'un et de l'autre sexe, et tous autres bénéfices et prestimonies généralement quelconques , de quelque nature et sous quelque dénomination que ce soit, sont, à compter du jour de la publication du présent décret, éteints et supprimés, sans qu'il puisse jamais en être établi de semblables."
  46. ^ F.C. Uzureau, "La Cathédrale d'Angers pendant la Révolution," in: L'Anjou historique Vol. 25 (Angers 1925), pp. 133-148.
  47. ^ G. Letourneau, Histoire du séminaire d'Angers, (in French), (Angers: Germain & Grassin 1895), pp. xvii-xxiii.
  48. ^ F.C.Uzureau, "Le Séminaire d'Angers au XVIIIe siècle," in: L'Anjou historique Vol. 25 (Angers 1925), pp. 77-80.
  49. ^ F.C. Uzureau, "La Prison du Grand Séminaire d'Angers (1792-1794)," in: L'Anjou historique Vol. 26 (Angers 1925), pp. 26-32.
  50. ^ George Beech, Was the Bayeux Tapestry Made in France?: The Case for St. Florent of Saumur (Palgrave Macmillan 2005; reprinted 2016), pp. 15, 10, 14. Rangeard (ed. Lemarchand), Histoire de l'université d'Angers, pp. 12, 16.
  51. ^ Rangeard I, p. 13. Hilduin is also called Hiduin, and may have been the same person as Hildier.
  52. ^ Hastings Rashdall, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, Volume 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1895), p. 323.
  53. ^ Rashdall, p. 150.
  54. ^ Rashdall I, pp. 335-339.
  55. ^ Hastings Rashdall, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, Volume 2 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1895), p. 149-150.
  56. ^ Louis de Lens, Université d'Angers du xve siècle à la Révolution française, (in French and Latin), Volume 1 (Angers: Imprimerie-librairie Germain et G. Grassin, 1880), p. 6.
  57. ^ Hastings Rashdall, The universities of Europe in the Middle Ages Volume II, 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1895), pp. 152-157.
  58. ^ Paul Gerrod, "Relations with Authority," in: Walter Rüegg (ed.), A History of the University in Europe: Volume 3, Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800-1945), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 95. Arthur de Beauchamp, Recueil des lois et règlements sur l'enseignement supérieur: comprenant les décisions de la jurisprudence et les avis des conseils de l'Instruction publique et du Conseil d'Etat, (in French) Volume 3 (Paris: Delalain frères, 1884), pp. 12-35.
  59. ^ Pisani, pp. 10-11.
  60. ^ Tresvaux, pp. 372-374.
  61. ^ "Civil Constitution," Title I, "Article 1. Chaque département formera un seul diocèse, et chaque diocèse aura la même étendue et les mêmes limites que le département."
  62. ^ Ludovic Sciout, Histoire de la constitution civile du clergé (1790-1801): L'église et l'Assemblée constituante, (in French and Latin), Vol. 1 (Paris: Firmin Didot 1872), p. 182: Art. 2 "...Tous les autres évêchés existant dans les quatre-vingt-trois départements du royaume, et qui ne sont pas nommément compris au présent article, sont et demeurent supprimés."
  63. ^ Pisani, p. 139.
  64. ^ J.B. Duvergier (ed.), Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens et avis du Conseil d'état, (in French and Latin), Volume 13 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1826), pp. 372: "Item, archiepiscopalis Turonensis, et ejus suffraganearum, Cenomanensis, Andegavensis, Rhedonensis, Nannetensis, Corisopitensis, Venelensis, Leonensis, Trecorensis, Briocensis, Macloviensis et Dolensis."
  65. ^ Duvergier (ed.), Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens et avis du Conseil d'état,, Volume 13, p. 374: "Ecclesiam archiepiscopalem Turonensem, et episcopales Cenomanensem, Andegavensem, Rhedonensem, Nannctensem, Corisopitensem, Venetensem et Briocensem, quas ei in suffraganeas assignamus."
  66. ^ Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, p. 603.
  67. ^ Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, p. 641. The monastery was named in honor of Ss. Sergius and Medardus, but popular usage made it Ss. Sergius and Bacchus.
  68. ^ Ulysse Robert, Étude sur les actes du Pape Calixte II, (in French and Latin), (Paris: V. Palmé 1874), "Appendice", pp. xxiv-xxv. Paul Marchegay, Cartulaire de l'abbaye du Ronceray d'Angers (1028-1184), (in French and Latin), (Paris: Picard 1900), p. vi-vii, 12.
  69. ^ Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, p. 544.
  70. ^ Uzureau, Pouille d'Angers, p. 181.
  71. ^ F.C. Uzureau, "Les Carmelites d'Angers, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles," in: L'Anjou historique Vol. 5 (Angers 1904), pp. 561-589. Eleven nuns took the required oath, twenty-four refused repeatedly.
  72. ^ F.C. Uzureau, "Les Ursulines d'Angers", (in French), in: L'Anjou historique Vol. 8 (Angers 1907), pp. 113-114.
  73. ^ F.C. Uzureau, "Les Filles de la Charité d'Angers", (in French), in: L'Anjou historique Vol. 8 (Angers 1907), pp. 125-150.
  74. ^ J. B. Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, (in French), Volume 1 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1834), p. 118: "La loi constitutionnelle du royaume ne reconnaitra plus de voeux monastiques solennels des personnes de l'un ni de l'autre sexe: en conséquence, les ordres et congrégations réguliers dans lesquels on fait de pareils voeux sont et demeureront supprimés en France, sans qu'il puisse en être établi de semblables à l'avenir." Michael Burleigh, Earthly Powers: The Clash of Religion and Politics in Europe, from the French Revolution to the Great War (New York: Harper Collins 2006), p. 54.
  75. ^ R. G. Tiedemann, Reference Guide to Christian Missionary Societies in China: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century, (London-New York: Routledge, 2016) p. 84.
  76. ^ Antonio Maria Bernasconi (ed.), Acta Gregorii Papae XVI, Pars prima canonica, (in Latin), Vol 2 (Rome: Typographia polyglotta de. S.C. Propaganda 1901), pp. 22-23.
  77. ^ Bougain, p. 342.
  78. ^ Defensor was present in Tours in 372 for the election of a bishop. Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, p. 545. Duchesne, p. 356.
  79. ^ Epetemius was present at the council of Nîmes on 1 October 396. Duchesne, pp. 356-357.
  80. ^ Bishop Maurilius is said to have governed for 30 years, and to have died on 13 September 1453. Duchesne, p. 357.
  81. ^ Bishop Thalassius was consecrated on 4 October 453, and held a council with six other bishops on the occasion. He was also present at the council of Tours on 19 November 1461; and at the council of eight bishops at Vannes, which was held at some point between 461 and 491. Duchesne, p. 357. no. 5. Charles Munier, Concilia Galliae, A. 314 — A. 506 (in Latin) (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 137, 148, 150.
  82. ^ Bishop Eustochius subscribed the canons of the council of Orléans in 511. Duchesne, p. 357. no. 7.. Charles De Clercq, Concilia Galliae, A. 511 — A. 695, (in Latin) (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 13: "Eustochius episcopus de Andecauis suscripsi."
  83. ^ Only a name in episcopal catalogues: Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, p. 547. Duchesne, pp. 349, 353, 354, 355.
  84. ^ Bishop Albinus attended the council of Orléans in 538, and the council of Orléans on 14 May 549. He was represented at the council of Orléans on 28 October 549. It is only a presumption that he died on 1 March 550. Duchesne, p. 357-358. no. 9. De Clercq, pp. 129 ("Albinus in Christi nomine ecclesiae Andecauae episcopus consensi."), 144 ("Albinus in Christi nomine episcopus Andecaue ciuitatis subscripsi."), 161 ("Sapaudus abbas directus a domno meo Albino episcopo ecclesiae Andicauensis subscripsi.").
  85. ^ Eutropius: Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, p. 548. Duchesne, pp. 352-353.
  86. ^ Bishop Domitianus attended the third council of Paris in c. 557, and the council of Tours in 567. He was present at the consecration of the cathedral of Nantes in 568. J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, (in Latin), Vol. 9 (Florence: A. Zatta 1763), p. 747. Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, p. 548. Duchesne, p. 358 no. 10. De Clercq, p. 194.
  87. ^ Audioveus: Duchesne, p. 358, no. 12.
  88. ^ Licinius or Lizinius, in the episcopal lists, received a letter from Pope Gregory I in 601. Duchesne, p. 358, no. 13.
  89. ^ Magnobodus was consecrated a bishop in 610, He attended the council of Paris in 614, and the council of Clichy in 627. Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, p. 550. Duchesne, pp. 358-359, no. 15.
  90. ^ Aiglibertus: Duchesne, p. 359, no. 18.
  91. ^ Mauriolus attended the third council of Attigny in 760 (or 760–762, or 765). He was the recipient of a privilege from Charlemagne in 772. J.D, Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, (in Latin), Vol. 12 (Florence: A. Zatta 1766), p. 676. Duchesne, p. 359, no. 26. A. Werminghoff, Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Legum Sectio III. Concilia, (in Latin) Tomi II. Concilia Aevi Karolini I. pars 1 (Hannover-Leipzig: Hahn 1906), pp. 72-73, places the date of the council of Attigny in "762. vel 760–762."
  92. ^ Benedictus: Duchesne, p. 359, no. 28.
  93. ^ Flodegarius: Duchesne, p. 359, no. 29.
  94. ^ Dodo: Duchesne, p. 359-360, no. 31.
  95. ^ Adriaan H. Bredero (1994). Christendom and Christianity in the Middle Ages. Grand Rapids MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-8028-4992-2.. Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, p. 553-554. Duchesne, p. 360, no. 32.
  96. ^ Rothardus. "de quo nihil aliud novimus, nisi quod defunctus traditur XV Kal. Februarii (18 January): Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, p. 555.
  97. ^ A name in the episcopal lists: Duchesne, pp. 349, 353, 354, 355.
  98. ^ Hervaeus: Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, p. 555.
  99. ^ Aimo: Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, p. 555.
  100. ^ Nefingus: Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, pp. 555-556.
  101. ^ Rainaldus served as bishop of Angers beginning in 973; in a document of 1001, he stated that he was in his 29th year as bishop. In 1004, he began a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He died in 1005, according to the "Chronicon S. Florentii." Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, p. 556-558.
  102. ^ Hubertus: Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, pp. 558-560. Steven Fanning, A Bishop and His World Before the Gregorian Reform: Hubert of Angers, 1006-1047, (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1988), pp. 19-25.
  103. ^ Eusebius was elected on 6 December 1047. He died on 27 August 1081. Gams, p. 489. Hauréau, Gallia Christiana XIV, pp. 560-562.
  104. ^ Godefredus was elected. He died on 10 October 1093. Gams, p. 489.
  105. ^ Normand died on 4 May 1153. Gams, p. 489.
  106. ^ Bishop Guillaume had been Bishop of Avranches. He was elected bishop of Angers in 1197. He attempted to transfer himself, without papal licence, to the archbishopric of Tours, for which he was suspended by Pope Innocent III on 27 April 1198. On 21 January 1199, Pope Innocent appointed him to the diocese of Angers. He died on 25 March 1202. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, p. 88 with note 1.
  107. ^ Pope Innocent III ordered the election of a new bishop of Angers on 28 April 1202. Bishop Guillaume died on 31 August 1240. Eubel I, p. 88 with note 2.
  108. ^ Michel died in November 1260. Eubel I, p. 88.
  109. ^ Nicholas died on 29 January 1290. Eubel I, p. 88.
  110. ^ Guillaume Le Maire died on 13 May 1314. Eubel I, p. 88. T.-L. Houdebine, "Election d'un évêque au XIIIe siècle: Guillaume Le Maire, évêque d'Angers," (in French), in: L'Anjou historique Vol. 2 (1901), pp. 474-491.
  111. ^ Dormans: Louis de Farcy, Monographie de la cathédrale d'Angers, (in French), Volume 2 (Josselin, 1905), p. 158. Eubel I, p. 88.
  112. ^ Harduin was appointed by Pope Gregory XI on 16 June 1374. He died on 18 January 1439. Eubel I, p. 88; II, p. 87 note 1.
  113. ^ D'Estouteville was confirmed as bishop of Angers by Pope Eugenius IV on 30 March 1439. He was named a cardinal on 18 December 1439. He was not consecrated a bishop until January 1140. He maintained a claim on Angers until 1447. Eubel I, p. 87, notes 2, 3.
  114. ^ Jean Michel: Michel attended the Council of Basel. He died on 11 September 1447. Eubel II, p. 87, note 2.
  115. ^ Jean de Bellavalle was the son of Bertrand de Beauvau, seigneur of Précigné, senechal of Anjou, and Jeanne de la Tour-Landry. He was appointed a canon of Angers on 6 May 1439, at the age of 15. In 1443, as Administrator of Angers, he was summoned by Pope Eugenius IV to attend the [[Council of Florence. He was named bishop of Angers on 27 October 1447, at the age of 23, by the newly elected Pope Nicholas V, too young to be consecrated a bishop. He was consecrated on 26 September 1451. He was deposed on 5 June 1467 (Albanès, p. 839, no. 1953). Joseph Hyacinthe Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, (in Latin) Vol. 3: Arles (Valence: Impr. Valentinois 1901), pp. 834-840. Eubel II, p. 87 with notes 4 and 5.
  116. ^ On 29 March 1476, Beauvau presented to the Chapter of Angers the bulls which Pope Sixtus IV had sent, restoring him to the episcopate, but not to the bishopric of Angers; he was only Administrator. Beauvau died on 23 April 1479. Tresvaux, pp. 306, 312.
  117. ^ As soon as Bishop Beauvau was dead, King Louis XI wrote to the Chapter of Angers, demanding the election of Auger de Brie, son of the Count de Serrant and master of requests. These letters, containing threats, were read to the Chapter from the end of April throughout May, who protested them along with the rector of the university, the mayor, and others. The Chapter finally gave way on 1 July and elected Auger as commanded. The archbishop of Tours refused to confirm the election, an appeal was lodged with the archbishop of Lyon, who referred the matter to Rome. Sixtus IV granted bulls to Auger on 13 June 1479, but only as administrator, since Cardinal Balue was still alive. Balue returned to Angers in 1480. In 1490, the Chapter was free to revoque the election of Auger, and his cooperation was bought. Tresvaux, pp. 313, 315-316. Léon Guilloreau, "Auger de Brie, Administrateur de l'Évêché d'Angers," in: L'Anjou historique Vol. 2 (Angers 1901), pp. 596-611.
  118. ^ Carretto was Archbishop of Cosenza. He was appointed administrator of Angers on 10 October 1491, by Pope Innocent VIII. Eubel II, p. 87, 142.
  119. ^ A native of Arras, Jean was a doctor of theology (Paris), and a canon of Tours. He was recommended to the electoral Chapter by King Charles VIII of France, though the Chapter wanted to elect Auger de Brie. Obeying the king, they elected Jean de Rely on 1 December 1491. He took possession of the diocese by proxy on 4 January 1492, and made his solemn entry on 18 October 1492. He held a diocesan synod in 1493. In 1494, he accompanied Charles VIII on his Italian expedition, and negotiated for him with Pope Alexander VI. He died of apoplexy at Saumur on 27 March 1499. Tresvaux, pp. 316-318. Eubel II, p. 87.
  120. ^ De Boys was a member of the Order of Grandmont, held a licenciate in law from the University of Angers, and was Prior of La Hale-aux-Bons-Hommes. He was appointed titular bishop of Verissa (Thrace). When François de Rohan became bishop, De Boys was named first Vicar General. He died in 1506. F.C. Uzureau, "Les coadjuteurs des évêques d'Angers (XV et XVI° siècles)," in: L'Anjou historique 25 (Angers: Siraudeau 1925), p. 129.
  121. ^ Rohan was appointed bishop of Angers at the age of 15 on 15 May 1499, by Pope Alexander VI. He was therefore only Administrator. Rohan was transferred to the diocese of Lyon on 9 December 1500, but retained the diocese of Angers as administrator until 1532. He died on 13 October 1536. Eubel II, p. 87 with note 6; III, p. 108 with notes 2 and 3; 230 with note 2. Tresvaux, Vol. 1, pp. 320-327.
  122. ^ Le Presteur was a Franciscan of Angers., and titular bishop of Sidon. He presented his papal bulls to the Chapter on 2 September 1506. He died on 22 April 1550. F.C. Uzureau, L'Anjou historique 25 (Angers: Siraudeau 1925), pp. 129-130.
  123. ^ Lambert was a "Docteur en Sorbonne." He was appointed titular Bishop of Verissa (Thrace) by Pope Leo X on 28 May 1518. F.C. Uzureau, L'Anjou historique 25 (1925), p. 130.
  124. ^ Censier was a Carmelite and a doctor of theology. He was appointed titular bishop of Beroea (Macedonia) by Pope Leo X on 23 March 1519. F.C. Uzureau, "Les coadjuteurs des évêques d'Angers (XV et XVI° siècles)," in: L'Anjou historique 25 (1925), p. 130.
  125. ^ Bishop Jean died on 12 April 1540. Tresvaux, Vol. 1, pp. 333-341. Eubel III, p. 108 with notes 4 and 5.
  126. ^ Legay was Prior of Saint-Rémy-la-Varenne. He was appointed bishop of the titular diocese of Raphana (Syria) on 30 October 1538 by Pope Paul III. He died in 1542. F.C. Uzureau, L'Anjou historique 25 (1925), pp. 130-131. Eubel III, p. 281.
  127. ^ Grégoire was appointed on 11 May 1542. F.C. Uzureau, L'Anjou historique 25 (1925), p. 131.
  128. ^ A Franciscan and Guardian of the convents of La Flêche and La Baumette, Ragane was appointed titular bishop on 26 June 1560. He died on 3 November 1595. F.C. Uzureau, L'Anjou historique 25 (1925), p. 131.
  129. ^ Guillaume Fouquet de la Varenne: Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 88 with note 2.
  130. ^ Mironf was appointed to the archbishopric of Lyon on 2 December 1626, by Gregory XV. Gauchat IV, p. 88 with note 3; 226.
  131. ^ De Rueil: Gauchat IV, p. 88 with note 4.
  132. ^ Arnaud: Gauchat IV, p. 88 with note 5.
  133. ^ Tresvaux, pp. 343-344; 352-388; 433. Pisani, p. 139.
  134. ^ Pelletier: Tresvaux, pp. 383-385; 482. Pisani, pp. 139-141.
  135. ^ Montault had been Constitutional Bishop of Vienne (1791–1795), who had been rehabilitated, and was appointed bishop of Angers by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte on 12 April 1802. He was approved by the Papacy (Cardinal Caprara) on 14 April. He died on 29 July 1839. Pisani, pp. 121-124. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VII, p. 74.
  136. ^ Camille J. Laffetay, Notice biographique sur Mgr Louis-Robert Paysant, évêque d'Angers, (in French) (Caen: A. Hardel, 1842).
  137. ^ F.C. Uzureau, "Nomination de l'abbé Freppel à l'évêché d'Angers," (in French), in: Andegaviana vol. 20 (Angers: J. Siraudeau 1918), pp. 107-112.
  138. ^ later Archbishop of Toulouse.
  139. ^ later Archbishop of Paris.
  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Goyau, Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges (1907). "Diocese of Angers". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

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